The intersection of S Stoughton Rd E Buckeye Rd in Madison, Wisconsin Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Finally, although the initial construction cost of this design alternative may be higher, it offers significantly lower maintenance and operating costs in the long term as compared to the conventional signalized intersections such as the one currently being used at intersection of S Stoughton Rd & E Buckeye Rd in Madison. Fig 2: The proposed modern roundabout design for the Intersection Design alternative 2 Another important design alternative would be to improve the design of this intercession using block guidelines. These guidelines promote orderly redevelopment capable of reinforcing the natural setting whilst highlighting the significance of the landscape and promoting a stronger design at the gateway leading to the corridor. To actualize this, the involved engineers might need to develop a Frontage Landscape Zone featuring consistent quality plus materials intended to implement landscape connections in the middle of the properties in addition to helping to enhance the natural setting. As a move to reduce congestion, the pedestrian paths plus the parking areas around the intercession should be cleared. In particular, the building entries and the sidewalks need to be properly designed then marked in order to create a more satisfactory pedestrian environment. We will write a custom essay sample on The intersection of S Stoughton Rd & E Buckeye Rd in Madison, Wisconsin or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now At the same time the design may alternative may also entail errecting bill boards for southbound and northbound traffic to alarm the drivers about the speed limit and the permissible space between moving vehicles. The bill boards need to bear self-explanatory messages and pictures that are aimed at warning divers about over speeding. Such a constant reminder will hopefully be a good tool to instill some additional sense of responsibility within the drivers thus the move has a higher likelihood of minimizing the number of road crashes around this intersection (Washington 236). Finally, Planters, bridges and walls along the Stoughton road also need to be designed in order to improve the section’s visibility. Examples of approaches that can be used to highlight this area’s strength alongside reinforcing its identity include the use of public art, vegetation and materials. Design Alternative 3 The intersection’s design could also be improved by increasing the width of the whole roadway up to 6 lanes then constructing the Stoughton-based overpasses and interchanges in a fashion that bears a close association with those at Buckeye (Washington 236). Even if the road is made to bear shoulders that are wide enough to permit safe traffic stops, heightened traffic volumes at peak times combined with the traffic stop features the potential of creating more dangers whilst drivers get distracted.

1984 - In the face of pain there are no heroes - 888 Words

â€Å"In the face of pain there are no heroes† George Orwell’s 1984 is a brilliant commentary on the dangers of totalitarianism, mind control, technology and both physical and psychological manipulation. The novel’s protagonist, Winston Smith, is a very pensive and curious man. He is desperate to uncover the roots behind the twisted caste system that has been set in place by an organization called the Party. The Party demonstrates absolute control over every aspect of life in Oceania (formerly London). They are a totalitarian organization using language as a mind control device as well as psychological and physical intimidation and manipulation in order to keep its citizens, or effectively its slaves, in line. One thing always holds true†¦show more content†¦He goes to unbelievable lengths in order to rebel against the Party. He commits various crimes throughout the book ranging from simply writing, â€Å"Down with Big Brother† in is illegal diary to having a forbidden love affair with a woman named Julia and everything in between. He even gets himself accepted into the anti-Party brotherhood. However, it is only through the great efforts that Winston goes through carrying out his rebellion that the true effect of the power of the party can be seen. The beginning of the parties control stems from their ability to use language as a mind control device. In Oceania, â€Å"if you want to keep a secret, you must also hide it from yourself.† The Party implements a new language called â€Å"Newspeak† which simply eliminates any potentially disloyal words from the vocabulary. Orwell uses this to illustrate the point that language is the most crucial part in the generation of unique and original human thought. Without language, the formation of thought is nearly impossible. Even the conceptualization of an idea questioning the Party’s absolute power is made impossible by Newspeak. Therein lies another issue; once the Party controls language they have the ability to exercise psychological and physical intimidation and manipulation over the society. Winston comes to a terrifying realization, nothing is worse than physical pain, â€Å"for after all, how do we know that two and two make four? Or, that they force of gravity works? Or that theyShow MoreRelatedWinston Doomed to Fail?1175 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Winston: A Character Doomed to Fail Failure, a concept most people are familiar of, often refers to the inability to perform a particular action or finish a certain task. In the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the protagonist Winston Smith dreams to overthrow â€Å"The Party† and live in â€Å"the place without darkness†. However, he suffered the fate of being tortured and brainwashed eventually. Many readers perceive Winston as a tragic hero who valiantly tries but fails to rebel against the â€Å"Big Brother†Read MoreCriticism on George Orwells 1984869 Words   |  4 Pagescreated by society in order to imprison its dreamers. It is often usual to lock up critics of cruel commands, because creative people can be dangerous to totalitarian control. The critical essay â€Å"George Orwell and the Mad World: The Anti-Universe of 1984† by Ralph A. Ranald discusses the theme of controlled madness and of a reverse society in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Ranald argues that Nineteen E ighty-Four is about â€Å"†¦religion reversed, law and government reversed, and above all, languageRead MoreThe Theme Of 1984 By George Orwell842 Words   |  4 Pagessocialize and connect with friends and family. In the dystopian novel, 1984 by George Orwell, Winston Smith lives under the control of Oceania’s government called the Party. The citizens of Oceania are dehumanized and have no privacy under the Party’s control. Winston rebels against the Party to bring back the original past of mankind. It can be inferred that the theme of 1984 is to fight for what you believe in. The theme of 1984 by George Orwell is to fight for what you believe in. According to OrwellRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe shine of light on a world that could have been full of communism and corruption, if the crisis was never taken down. 1984 is a presentation of Orwell’s definition of dystopia and was meant as a warning to those of the modern era. His warning has great potential because this book was written during the rise of communism. Orwell has specifically warned us about the danger of a government having control over everything that happens in the state and he achieves this by using language in motifs andRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Brave New World 1769 Words   |  8 Pages Totalitarianism diminishes the idea of individuality and replaces it with controlled and collective thinking, enforced by government officials. In George Orwell’s 1984, totalitarianism is demonstrated by the complete control o f the superstate, Oceania, by the elite over every single citizen. Totalitarianism can also be seen in Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, in which humans are synthetically made and conditioned for their predestined purpose on earth. The lack of individualism will lead a communityRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 Chunks2697 Words   |  11 PagesMeesha Hussain LA 10 HONORS Summer Assignment George Orwell’s 1984 Chunks Section 1- 1. The three slogans of the party are â€Å"WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH†, (Orwell, 7). At first glance, these slogans would appear absurd but after further investigation they ironically couldn’t be more true. War is Peace means that while the country is at war the people’s attention is diverted from seeing the corruption of the government. Nobody rebels against the government because theyRead More The War Poems of Wilfred Owen - Contradicting the Classical Ideas of Heroism and Romanticism3263 Words   |  14 Pageshave crazed him, nor the Hun (13-15).†Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dreams are the only escape for the deadbeat soldier. Reality equals death. Pain is in existence and the pangs of murder rip up the throats of the prayer-less men, like toxic acid from Satan’s belly. Life is but a savage beast and its harpoon is sleep. In consciousness they have to deal with the bitter realities of war; pain and memories, the latter being the strongest. In this eternal dream all is at peace and harsh memories are discarded. A soldierRead More Christian and Pagan Influence in Paradise Lost and Beowulf Essay4093 Words   |  17 Pagesreaders greatness and originality (Abrams 1476). Paradise Lost, however, is not the first epic to integrate both Christian and traditional epic conventions. The Beowulf poet followed this form as well, drawing on pagan epic tradition for kings, heroes, and monsters while drawing on new Christian beliefs to present these characters as noble, in possession of the natural knowledge of God, willing to battle his enemies on earth, and therefore capable of redemption. Thus, I agree with John D. NilesRead MoreCritics of Novel 1984 by George Orwell14914 Words   |  60 Pages1984 In George Orwells 1984, Winston Smith wrestles with oppression in Oceania, a place where the Party scrutinizes human actions with ever-watchful Big Brother. Defying a ban on individuality, Winston dares to express his thoughts in a diary and pursues a relationship with Julia. These criminal deeds bring Winston into the eye of the opposition, who then must reform the nonconformist. George Orwells 1984 introduced the watchwords for life without freedom: BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. WrittenRead More Effects of War Exposed in All Quite on the Western Front, Bury the Dead, and Paths of Glory2020 Words   |  9 PagesEffects of War Exposed in All Quite on the Western Front, Bury the Dead, and Paths of Glory      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the happy expression on their faces you might have supposed that they welcomed the war. I have met with men who loved stamps, and stones, and snakes, but I could not imagine any man loving war. Margot Asquith revealed her discontent with war in this quote. War is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary as a concerted effort or campaign to combat or put an end to something considered

Reforms in Aged Care Australian Government

Question: Discuss about theReforms in Aged Carefor Australian Government. Answer: Introduction Aged health care is an important concern Australian Government. The workforce involved in the care of aged people play an important role in maintaining the health of many aged people in Australia. The development of skilful and qualified work force is must for the establishing the smooth functioning of the health care industry dedicated for supporting the lives of old age people in Australia. (Myagedcare, 2015). The main aim of this paper is to recognise the issues rising in the care settings of the old age people related to the workforce. The development of the industry lies in maintaining the workforce number through new recruitments and retaining the present work force. To improvise the present condition, it is necessary to have proper management strategies and good training packages to attract people towards joining the workforce. The sustainable management of the industry involves identifying the issues, strategies to improve the condition. Aged People in Australia There are several care facilities given by the care organisations of Australia. These facilities focus on the requirements of every citizen and are dedicated to provide the best care to all. Mainly two types of care facilities are presented by the Australian government to the older citizens: Residential care and community based care for aged people. Generally people opt for the community based care and then move ahead for the residential care settings. (AIHW, 2016). Residential care settings aims at providing the care facilities to the old people who care requirement cannot be fully accomplished in their homes. To meet the care demands and needs of such people, accommodation with all the required facilities are set up and the old age people are accommodated to these settings. The aged care organisations are determined to provide proper, required and easy to access care facilities for the old age people. (DSS, 2014). These organisations are formed to provide care facilities to the cit izens above 65 years of age. They also meet the needs of the disable people along with the old age in both residential and community care settings. The main priority of the organisation is to provide the person centric care to the old age citizens. The funds are provided by the Australian government to allow proper functioning of the care systems. Two Types of Care Facility As mentioned there are two types of care plans offered to the aged people in Australia: the residential care and the community based care. Community based care- People are shifting to community based care from residential care as per the new data by the AIHW (2016). As per the June 2013 reports the number of community based care centres subsidised by the Australian government have risen from 20% to 25% in the last five years which show that people are more inclined towards the care which is based in the homely atmosphere. This is going to increase in the coming years and probably will be 1 out of 3 in the aged care organisations by the year 2025. Around 57,000 people were recorded to prefer community based care where 2 in 3 were women and 2 out of 5 were aged above 85 years of age. There are two types of community based care plans which offer community based care to the aged people in Australia from 2015: The commonwealth home support programme (CHSP) and the Home care packages programmes. (AIHW, 2016) The common wealth home support system has been in action from 1st July 2015. It is formulated to assist the old age peo ple in daily life to be self dependent. The home care packages programmes are designed to provide the care to old age people in complex, well coordinated manner to meet the higher care needs of these people. The community based care programmes comprises of community aged care package (CACP), extended care programmes and extended care home programme dementia working to provide the care as per the needs of the individual. The aged care assessment team analyse the eligibility of the individual to provide the program which are best suited for them. Residential care system- It comprises of two types of care facilities which include permanent residential aged care and respite residential care. (Department of health, 2016). The permanent residential care is mainly for the people who cannot be served in the community level of care services. It is provided in high or low level of care, depending upon the needs of the individual. The care is provided considering the health condition of the individual in every respect. In high care facilities, nursing care is provided for 24 hours every day whereas in low level of care the individual needs accommodation and care. In respite residential care the care is short term with an emergency care facility to those old age people who opt for community based but they require residential care for some time. Work Force in Aged Care in Australia The data recorded from 1996 to 2001 shows that the workforce has shown a growth by 12% and from 2001 to 2006 it has grown by 23%. The standard workforce is determined by the number of worker per capita depending upon the previous history of changes in the demography, technological advancement in the health care, the entry and exit of the workers in comparison to the other countries, the working hours, early retirement and occurrence of diseases. (Scott, 2009). The number of workers in the residential care settings was around 202,344 in 2012. The number of community care in 2012 was recorded to be around 149,801. (King et al, 2013). Crisis in Workforce of Australia With change of time the aged care setting are changing. The present care settings are required to be more flexible, low cost, sustainable, giving opportunity to the investors and providing various career opportunities to the people. The major focus is to develop client based care settings to the people. (Commonwealth of Australia, 2016). The workforce involved in the health of Australian aged people consist worker strength of around 216,300 in the residential care settings. Around 356,500 workers were reported to be working for the care of disable, children and the providing social assistance to the people. (Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2013). Out of these workers around 80% include women mainly working as part time workers. There is shortage of workers willing to work in this sector and lesser number of workers willing to stay in the field. If this continues the number of health care worker would reduce by 100,000 workers by 2025. Owing to the rising number of aged people in the resident care in Australia, the department of health and ageing in Australia reported that more number of health care workforce is needed for the care of old age people. This requires around 2 to 3 time higher number of workers compared to the present number in the year 2050. (Productivity commission, 2011). Also it noted that the condition of the aged care centres is in poor condition. There are problems to retain and recruit workers in this industry. (Department of health and ageing, 2013). The Australian government introduced a workforce compact in the 2012- 13 budgets, to provide benefits to the worker working in this field like increasing their wages. The new formed removed this policy and this proved to be a discouraging move improving the work force condition involved in the health care of aged people in Australia. The new government found the lack of funds in paying the higher wages to the workers. The decision had a mixed impact on the Australian unions groups. (Harrington Jolly, 2016). Effect of the Crisis The work force crisis and the ageing health care industry are creating many hurdles in maintaining the good health of the old age citizens of Australia. The poor management of this crisis could lead to the decline of the industry and will raise the dissatisfaction among the workers. It is estimated that the number of old age citizen having age of 65 and above will rise. The rise would be around 7.2 million from 2.8 million by the year 2047. As the number of old citizens is increasing the various cultural communities, the situation will increase the cultural diversity in Australian population of the overseas born elder groups. (2C risk, 2013). The issues related with aged workforce include the change of place, climate and the culture. The workers migrated from other countries need good support and training. Developing skills for good management and leadership quality in the workers is also required. The workers who work in the rural and remote areas require more support and better rem uneration. The health of the aboriginals is already poor compared to the other population groups in Australia. (AIHW, 2014). This is evident from the fact that most of the aboriginal people die at early ages. They mostly do not reach the old age. The life expectancy of aboriginal male and female is 56.9 and 61.7 respectively. Around 12% of the Australian population belong to the age group of 65 years and above. In this the indigenous people account for only 3%. (McIntosh Phillips, 2003). The common problem in the health care facilities is determining the health hazards while working in the residential and community based care. The ability of the workers to deal with the exposure to health affects the will to work in the industry. This gives rise to higher number absentees in the workforce, claims for compensation, health hazards that will reduce the work period of the worker leading to the mature retirement. The number of workers in the residential care services showed that around 54% of the s ettings were 1 or 2 on work cover. (ABS, 2011). The common injuries reported included strains and sprains, the superficial injuries on the body, muscle injury or chronic joint problems and stress or other mental abnormalities. The probable reasons for the injury are heavy weight lifting, pulling and pushing, being hit by an object or vehicle and due to constant movement. Strategies to Overcome the Crisis There is unremitting and efficient growth in the health care industry in the previous years, yet the need of getting qualified and well skilled worker in the industry for the care of old age people is a major issue. (Kelly, 2014). The recruitment and retention of workers to meet the future need also is a major concern. To improve the condition of the industry many new strategies have to be implemented. The growing changes in both community aged care settings and residential care settings require many new reforms to overcome the new challenges. As per the report from OECD, the Australian government is considering lesser number of reforms and strategies to overcome the crisis in comparison to the other countries. (Chomik MacLennan, 2014). To overcome the crisis the strategic approach should be - improve the pay wages which will attract the workers. -create and formulate the work to get more productivity from the workers. -enhance the support and coordination with better training to determine good quality services and remove the complications faced by the workers. - set up a ministry which can develop new plans and develop reforms which can offer new career opportunities in the industry. Development of technologies and better work place policies will improve the condition. - provide a better learning culture in the workers. - have a good management to satisfy the workforce requirement - Development of good training in regards to the varied cultural diversity of Australia. - promoting recruitments from other countries. (National aged care alliance, 2012). The planning in field requires meeting all the mentioned point in order to improve the condition of this industry. The lack of proper planning is evident from the sinking condition. The proper estimation of the required number with the better scenario analysis is required. The strategies should be made by comparing the current situation. Neglecting the problems of the workforce will pose a threat to the development of the industry. Owing to the current need, if the productivity is improved the burden of recruitment could be decreased to some extent. The lack of effective measures to enhance the productivity is a major hindrance in the determination of the output by health workforce. Promotion of researches to acknowledge the major issues faced by the work force in regards to retention or leaving the industry will help in managing the issues and prepare better plans. A study conducted to determine the factors which affect the workers intention to stay in the job or leave showed that n eed of good supervisor support, better work policies and good employment strategies are some of the major concern in the work force intentions to work for the old people health care. The retention was more in the community care settings by the workers. Age, health of the worker was not the major factor in this study to determine the result. This type of research and study will help in sustaining the quality of health care industry. (Radford Shacklock, 2015). Recruitment and Retention of Nurses The prime issues to focus in regard to improve the recruitment and retention in the aged health care involve low number of individuals in the undergraduate nursing programs and the ageing workforce in nursing. To encourage more recruitment and retention it is important to remove the negative perceptions that the youth regarding this job. They need to be informed with the new possibilities in career and positive perceptions about the old age care. To retain more number of nurses in the field it is important to give them job satisfaction. They should get the required support from the management and various opportunities which can boost their moral to work in this sector. A study conducted by Mbemba et al (2013) to evaluate the required intervention in order to retain and recruit nurses in rural areas shows that economic incentives with support from the management. Better technologies in terms of communication and information would help to increase the workforce. For the study they cond ucted a review involving various literature review examination of scientists in this regard from PUBMED, EMBASE and CINAHL. They described the required interventions which can help retention and recruitment. Following the interventions would prove effective and will bring a change. Conclusion The need of workforce in the care of old age people in Australia is increasing every year. The reason for this is the good quality of life and health of the people which is improving the life expectancy. The rising of aged people seek more number of care providers. The lack of the facility will affect the daily life of the people. To meet this demand enhancement of the care work facility is must. This raises the issues which is causing the insufficient supply of work force in the field. To overcome the issues the causes should be well established. After that the proper measures to remove the issues and generate satisfaction in the work force is must. The work conditions and better opportunities will attract the workers to join the industry. Good management will them to retain the job. Workers are the major factor to establish any industry which is related to care. Ignoring their demands and neglecting them can only lead to the ageing of the industry. This will hamper the growth of th e country and will affect the lives of many people in the country. So it is time to acknowledge the work force condition and demands to make effective improvement in maintaining better facilities of aged health care. References 2 C risk. (2013). Healthy workforce challenges for the aged care sector. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from www.2CRisk.com.au. ABS. (2011). ABS, labour force, Australia, detailed, quarterly, November 2011. Cat no. 6291.0.55.003. Australian bureau of statistics. (2013). 6291.0.55.003- Labour force, Australia, detailed, quarterly. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6291.0.55.003May%202013?OpenDocument Australian Government: department of health. (2016). Residential care. Ageing and aged care. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from https://agedcare.health.gov.au/programs-services/residential-care Australian institute of health and welfare. (2014). Indigenous health. Australias health 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2016 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/australias-health/2014/indigenous-health/ Australian institute of health and welfare. (2016). Aged care in Australia. AIHW: authoritative information and statistics to promote better health wellbeing. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/aged-care/residential-and-community-2011-12/aged-care-in-australia/ Australian Institute of health and welfare. (2016). Aged care. AIHW: authorities information and statistics to promote better health and wellbeing. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/aged-care/ Chomik, R., McLennan, M. (2014). Aged care in Australia: part II- industry and practise- CEPAR research brief 2014/02. Kensington, NSW: ARC Centre of excellence in population ageing research. (CEPAR). Commonwealth of Australia. (2016). Ageing and aged care. Australian government: department of health. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from https://agedcare.health.gov.au/ageing-and-aged-care-aged-care-reform/why-is-aged-care-changing Department of health and ageing. (2013). The aged care workforce, 2012- final report. Australia: department of health and ageing. DSS. (2014). 2013- 2014 report on the operation of the aged care act 1997. Canberra: DSS. Harrington, M Dr. Jolly, R. (2016). The crisis in the caring workforce. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/CaringWorkforce Kelly, J. G. (2014). The aged care workforce in Australia. Aged and community services Australia. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from https://www.acs.asn.au/wcm/documents/ACS%20Website/Resources/Publications%20Submissions/ACSA%20Submissions%20Documents/ACSA%20Workforce%20White%20Paper%20-%20July%202014.pdf King, D., Wei, Z., Howe, A. (2013). Work satisfaction and intention to leave among direct care workers in community and residential aged care in Australia. Journal of aging social policy, 25(4). 301- 319. Doi: 10.1080/08959420.2013.816166. Mbemba et al. (2013). Interventions for supporting nurse retention in rural and remote areas: an umbrella reviews. Human resources for Health. Doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-11-44. McIntosh, G Phillips, J. (2003). caring for the elderly- an overview of aged care support and services in Australia. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/agedcare My aged care. (2015). Aged care workforce. Retrieved on 27 October 2016 from https://www.myagedcare.gov.au/about-us/aged-care-workforce National aged care alliance. (2012). Aged care reform series- Workforce. Adelaide: NACA. Productivity commission. (2011). Caring for older Australians. Report no. 53, final inquiry reports. Canberra. Radford, K. Shacklock, K. (2015). Personal care workers in Australian aged care: retention and turnover intentions. Journal of nursing management, 23(5). Doi:10.1111/jonm. 12172. Scott, I. (2009). Health care workforce crisis in Australia: too few or too disabled? Health care reforms, Med J Aust, 190(12). 689- 692.

Business Practices of Woolworths and Wesfarmers

Question: Discuss about the Business Practices of Woolworths and Wesfarmers. Answer: The Australian retail industry is dominated by big game players. There is no chance of a small retail brand to ever grow and prosper in the retail market of Australia. The big brands dominate the entire market with their House products', the products labeled under their brand and exclusively available in their stores only (Gas price regulation for a retail market administrator 2004). The Australian retail market constitutes liquor sales, tobacco, and grocery retail. The big players dominate 60 per cent of the Retail trade, 50 percent of the tobacco trade and 80 per cent of Liquor and vintage alcohol sales. The promotion of their in-house products can be devastating for generic brands. The supermarket brands downgrade and run campaigns against generic brands. The supermarket brands have a huge impact on the flow of liquid cash from the hands of the wealthy to the poor segments. The supermarket brands have also been associated with the tag of highest growing grocery prices in the entir e world. Our brands of Selection for this study The first brand that we have selected for this study and discussion is Woolworths and Wesfarmers. The brand has been dominating the retail trade since its inception. The Coles supermarket brand is owned by Woolworths and Wesfarmers. The Coles has the largest number of grocery retail outlets in entire Australia (Sinapuelas and Robinson 2008). This brand is a common name that we come across each and every day, but we do not pause to think and ponder about the downfall of the economy that this company and its counterparts have brought to our nation. This segment of the industry is dominated by the cash rich and big names who have been major players since their inception. The companies like Coles offer high degrees of resistance to small details and their products by motivating the customers to buy only their products. The second company we have selected for our discussion regarding its ethical pursuance of business is Metcash (AÃ…Â ¾man and GomiÄ ek 2012). Metcash is a company which operates in the distribution and whole selling of grocery and retail. Besides, Metcash operates in the Automotive and luxury car servicing segment. Good business practices of Woolworths and Wesfarmers The company has invested time and effort in agreeing to the policy of good packing and has been playing a key role in up keeping the deals made at the Australian Packaging Covenant signatory. The company has made an excellent reputation in the way they package their product. The company has been an outstanding player in upgrading themselves and their way of packaging to a level of utmost importance. The importance they give for their packaging of the product plays a key role for the customer at the final moment of the choice of buying is made. The company has been involved in many overseas trade agreements with many third world nations (Supply chain technologies – at Woolworths 2003). The commitments have been made regarding direct cooperation to technical knowledge transfer and consultation. The involvements in Bangladesh and Vietnam for direct purchase of their country made cotton and other products. The Uzbek Cotton commitment is one such agreement, the company ahs signed for a direct role in involvement and cooperation. Apart from this; the company has earned the ranking of 67.4 % from the Greenweek rankings. The score is an overall reflection of the environmental commitments and implementation that the company has been engaged in. Criticism and areas of inadequate involvement The Woolworths and Wesfarmers have the largest number of poker machines in Australia. The company earns huge revenue from the sale of chips and gambling (Prospectus for the 1 for 8 Entitlement Offer of approximately 89 million New Wesfarmers Ordinary Shares at an Offer Price of $29.00 per New Wesfarmers Ordinary Share to raise approximately $2.57 billion 2008). The company has been accused many times of robbing the money of its countries' citizens by luring them to earn some money. The customers have complained that they always fail to win money. The company has earned a lot from the sale of poker chips country full. It's time the company makes some effort to stop robbing the people of their hard earned money by stopping these poker centers, and allowing only visitors of other nations to engage in this gambling activity. The Australian legislature can also make some notable changes to stop this trade of poker and gambling. The Nepal government has restrictions in place which bars its countrymen and women from the casinos spread all over the city. The locals are allowed only on the New Years Eve, Christmas and other special days (Prus 2004). The casinos in Nepal are major revenue generators but only at the expense of foreigners. The Australian legislature may take heed of the matter. The company has been criticized by industry experts and public forums for misleading the customers on many matters. The act of negatively influencing the customers has a significant disadvantage for the company and its brand perception. The company often urges the customers in their supermarkets to buy their particular products. This act affects the companies offering generic products or own products a significant loss of revenue and client base. The company has also been fined regarding the above matter. The company we must say has not yet learned to form its mistakes, and continue to embark on its current trend of misleading the consumers. The Coles have been criticized and fined huge amounts by the competent authorities for misconduct and bad behavior towards its customers. The company has had a reputation of mistreating its employees and customers on the premises and various grounds. There have been police investigations on many matters. The company has also been charged with a fine for anticompetitive product and conduct. There might be individual rivalries among many business groups, but the company has been fined for negative conduct. The company earns huge revenue from the direct sale of tobacco and alcohol. The company owned and operated about two-thirds of the total alcohol sales (Paynter and Edwards 2009). The negative health impact the company creates by promoting its alcohol sales and tobacco usage is very harmful to the overall growth and health of the society. Good business conducts and practices of Metcash This brand has also been getting awards consistently on its good packaging practices. The quality of the packaging has been lauded to be pretty good. The company is also a principal signatory of the Australian Packaging Covenant (Ahmed 2009). That marks the company to strictly adhering to its good packaging practices. The company signed the deal promising to supply packaging which is healthy for the customers yet environmental friendly when disposed of as garbage. The company promotes the use of GE-free products in its retail lineup. The company has been using the GE free products before any company in the entire industry. The company believes in the goodness of the GE free products in edible items. The company bagged the Packaging Award of 2015 for the healthiest and safest packaging in all of their products. The company policy of Genetically Modified crops or products is quite satisfactory (Clow and Baack 2004). The companies commitment to the cause of the environment is also well known. Criticism and causes of concern for Metcash The company must embark on a strategy of sustainable progress and development. The company cannot succeed in the long term without implementing the policies of the sustainable business. The aspects of the business which make the industry comment on the negative aspects of Metcashs business practices are related to gaming. The causes of significant revenue for the company apparently come from the gambling industry. The company relies heavily on its gambling trade for its generation of major revenue annually. The trade is a major hit among the countries citizens. But the trade heavily drains out money from the pockets of the poor and middle class. The company owned and operated major casinos all over Australia. The citizens must not only be discouraged from gambling, but these broad casinos must be closed urgently (Revenue 2005). The downfall of the economy can be attributed by some to gambling and massive spending. The company also accounts for almost major tobacco trade. The company has been tremendously criticized for its direct involvement in tobacco and alcohol promotion. The company portrays the image of alcoholism and gambling along with smoking tobacco as a positive aspect of this culture, except that in reality it's not. The company is involved in the grocery. The company sources its palm oil from unreliable and uncertified sources. The palm oil cultivations in Indonesia and Java, Sumatra are done by burning forest tracts and cultivating on them. The lungs of South Asia, which are the tropical rainforests of these countries suck out significant carbon dioxide and greenhouse gasses (Jope 2012). The clearing of these forests for the cultivation of palm trees is harmful to the environment. Moreover, where palm trees are planted, the soil is rendered ineffective for any advancement in future times. The company must stop these unsustainable business practices at the earliest or must face destruction (Saharjo et al. 2006). The company cannot survive with all these negative criticism in the long run. The company must embark on the strategies of free trade and must promote competitive behavior among its contemporaries. It is high time, the company is made to realize this, and amend on its mistakes or it may suffer massive losses regarding the brand value and public perception. References Ahmed, A. (2009). Good manufacturing practices.ISBT Science Series, 4(1), pp.6-10. AÃ…Â ¾man, S. and GomiÄ ek, B. (2012). Asymmetric and Nonlinear Impact of Attribute-Level Performance on Overall Customer Satisfaction in the Context of Car Servicing of Four European Automotive Brands in Slovenia.Organizacija, 45(2). Clow, K. and Baack, D. (2004).Integrated advertising, promotion marketing communications. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gas price regulation for a retail market administrator. (2004). Adelaide: Essential Services Commission of South Australia. Jope, J. (2012). Special Edition: International Palm Oil Sustainability Conference 2012 Abstracts.Palm Scent, 3(6), pp.51-74. Paynter, J. and Edwards, R. (2009). The impact of tobacco promotion at the point of sale: A systematic review.Nicotine Tobacco Research, 11(1), pp.25-35. Prospectus for the 1 for 8 Entitlement Offer of approximately 89 million New Wesfarmers Ordinary Shares at an Offer Price of $29.00 per New Wesfarmers Ordinary Share to raise approximately $2.57 billion. (2008). Perth, W.A.: Wesfarmers. Prus, R. (2004). Gambling as activity: Subcultural life-worlds, personal intrigues and persistent involvements 1.Journal of Gambling Issues, 10. Revenue. (2005). Kuala Lumpur: Lembaga Piawaian Perakaunan Malaysia. Saharjo, B., Sudo, S., Yonemura, S. and Tsuruta, H. (2006). Greenhouse gasses produced during burning in the land preparation area using fire in peat area belong to the community.Forest Ecology and Management, 234, p.S247. Sinapuelas, I. and Robinson, W. (2008). Entry for supermarket feature me-too brands: An empirical explanation of incidence and timing.Marketing Letters, 20(2), pp.183-196. Supply chain technologies – at Woolworths. (2003).Work Study, 52(1).

Value Help Window Crashes with Run-Time Error free essay sample

SAP Note 1039191 Value help window crashes with run-time error -2147417848 Note Language: English Version: 5 Validity: Valid Since 07. 06. 2007 Summary Symptom Value help window crashes with error -2147417848 (80010108) . This happens, when selecting a value by moving to the righ handside of value help selection window in Query Designer or Analyzer. Sometimes, this is followed by an runtime error 440. This error happens only in SAP GUI 7. 10 installation and not in previous versions of SAP GUI. Also, this occurs only with the old BW 3. 5 front-end tools. More Terms Selector, query designer, Analyzer, restrict values, F4 help Cause and Prerequisites Change of behaviour in calendar control used by the value help window Solution General Information This note contains attached files whose code will be included in BW 3. 5 Frontend Patch 1 for SAPGUI 7. 10 This note is given as a hotfix. It contains the installation instructions for the attached files. This file is released for emergency fix and did not undergo normal testing process of SAP. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Help Window Crashes with Run-Time Error or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All the customers will get the correction with Patches mention above. Installation 0. Close all the Bex Analyzer related tools,especially the Query Designer 1. Go to the folder C:\Program Files\SAP\FrontEnd\SAPGui ( if SAP GUI is installed in a different folder, please use that folder ) 2. Copy the following file in the above folder and keep it as a back-up i) wdbsPres. dll . 3. Replace the file mentioned above(wdbspres. dll) by the file attached with this note. ( Please extract and use the file wdbspres. dll ) 4. Now the file is ready to be used by the BEx frontend tools 28. 06. 2009 Page 1 of 2 SAP Note 1039191 Value help window crashes with run-time error -2147417848 Error Corrections This hot fix corrects the following error in particular: In the querydesigner, when the user selects Restrict Values from context menu and invokes value help and then moves one or more values from Left side to right side of the window, the window crashes with an error -2147417848 (80010108). In some cases, it is followed by an error 440. The error happens only with SAPGUI 7. 10 installation and not in any previous versions. Also, this occurs only with the old BW 3. 5 front-end tools. This issue is corrected with coding correction as a workaround. After this correction the user will be able to select values without any error.

Examining The Building Of The Sistine Chapel Theology Religion Essay Essays

Examining The Building Of The Sistine Chapel Theology Religion Essay Essays Examining The Building Of The Sistine Chapel Theology Religion Essay Paper Examining The Building Of The Sistine Chapel Theology Religion Essay Paper As shown above, the layout of the ceiling contains several scenes from the Bible. Down the centre is the book of Genesis incorporating the narrative of creative activity, the ruin of humanity and the narrative of Noah. Get downing at the entryway of the chapel farthest from the communion table begins the narrative of creative activity depicted within three subdivisions. This subdivision of the bible refers to God making the Earth and its contents in merely 6 yearss. The Earth that was created was perfect in every manner. The first of the three subdivisions in the creative activity series is the first twenty-four hours of creative activity. This shows God dividing visible radiation from dark. Traveling along in sequence the following piece shows God creates the Sun, the Moon, and workss. Finally, he separates the land and H2O to stop the narrative of creative activity. ( Bible ) The following set of panels that runs down the centre of the chapel is the creative activity of Adam. After God had created the perfect universe this scene depicts him making the first adult male. The creative activity of Adam is a really popular piece within the set of frescos done in the Sistine chapel. Many thoughts have been put out about different things seen in the image. The image depicts God as an elderly adult male with an outstretched arm towards Adam. Adam is in a mirror place making as to accept the gift that God is showing, the gift of life. Some guesss are that the form behind God is that of the human encephalon that is anatomically right and that his clock was shaped like a womb with the green scarf being a newly cut umbilical cord. It is known that cherished to this work Michelangelo had done extended research on the human anatomy and was familiar with it. The 2nd panel shows the creative activity of Eve. The concluding panel in this series shows the enticement and su bsequent rejection from Eden. ( Bible ) The last series is the three narratives of Noah. This subdivision is non in order as told in the bible. The first scene shows Noah in the background with his married woman while sheep are being killed as a forfeit after their safe rescue. The following scene depicts the inundation which is evidently out of order but Michelangelo wanted to utilize a larger subdivision for the inundation. This scene shows Noah and his household safe on land and shows another big figure of people seeking urgently to acquire to safety. Completing this series is Noah s inebriation. The narrative behind this scene is one time Noah and his household were safe they began to work the land. Noah so grew vines which can be seen in the piece. He so becomes rummy and exposes himself to his kids who so cover him with a cover. This trilogy shows that unlike the original creative activity, worlds are now far from flawlessness. ( Bible ) Around the borders of the ceiling along the spinal column Michelangelo added 12 apparently irrelative figures to the 9 panels picturing narratives from the book of Genesis. These people represented the coming of Christ. It was uncommon for females to be included in these types of pictures due to the deficiency in female theoretical accounts. Included in this set of 12 people seven were work forces ( Prophetss ) and five were adult females ( sibyls ) . Each of the 12 figures is placed in an alternating form down the spinal column of the ceiling and is adorned with a marble plaque. Besides seen in these images are little kids normally in braces. These kids are called putti. The putto is a usually depicted as a little chubby kid with wings and is frequently seen with immortals. The Prophetss and sibyls included in the work are: Jonah, Jeremiah, Persian Sibyl, Ezekiel, Erythraean Sibyl, Joel, Zechariah, Delphic Sibyl, Isaiah, Cumaean Sibyl, Daniel, and Libyan Sibyl. ( Bible ) Traveling outward from the spinal column of the ceiling is the overleaping compartments. The compartments contain the ascendants of Christ. Get downing at the top right of Figure 1 and traveling in a counter clockwise way is: Josias, Ezekias, Asa, Jesse, Salmon, Roboam, Ozias, and Zorobabel. Finally, in the corners of the ceiling are word pictures of four scriptural narratives. The infinites in which these pieces were painted in were irregular shaped. With his superior artistic ability he was able to convey the narratives without any via media the dramatics as seen in David and Goliath. With the white collapsible shelter in the background he painted the shirt of David blue utilizing white contemplations to pull the oculus to David s arm on Goliaths caput giving a sense of action. Directly across from David and Goliath are Judith and Holofernes. In the foreground of this piece are two adult females who seem to stand out against the wall behind them in contrast to the dark gap to the r ight. In the white frock, Judith is shown in the act of puting a sheet over the caput of Holofernes which the other adult female had placed on a tray on top of her caput. Traveling down the image of figure 1 is the Brazen Serpent. This piece shows the Hebrewss after being plagued with toxicant serpents. Images of the dead to the right passages from dark to light and leads to the chief focal point of this image which is the snake on the staff. After they asked God what to make to salvage them they were told to manner this snake on the staff and when person was bitten to look at the staff and they would be healed. The concluding corner contained the Punishment of Haman. Haman s secret plan to hold all the Jews killed was revealed by his married woman and was hung. On the left side of the image shows Haman s married woman uncovering his secret plan. Dividing the image is a door manner that Mordacia is sitting outside of as Haman is conveying him vesture. ( Bible ) During the planning phases of the decorating of the ceiling the Pope requested that the image tally in a rhythm that displayed his apostolic authorization by making the nexus get downing signifier Moses through Christ to Peter. This so gave an optical hereditary line of the Catholic Pope s authorization given to him by God. The portrayal of the Catholic Popes starts with Peter but is non in chronological order and organize a zigzag form. There are besides works that adorn the walls but seem to acquire overshadowed by the magnitude of the ceiling by the populace who come to see the plants. Layout of Sistine Chapel Ceiling. Chart. Wikipedia. Web. 05 Mar. 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Sistine_chapel_ceiling_diagram_of_areas.PNG Sistine Chapel. Sacred Sites at Sacred Destinations. Web. 05 Mar. 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-sistine-chapel The Sistine Chapel ceiling was painted antecedently by Piero Matteo dAmelia with a blue background being the sky with stars speckled in. In 1508 the Pope called on sculpturer Michelangelo to repaint it. At the clip Michelangelo was working on the Catholic Pope s grave. He did non at first accept the offer because he had considered himself a sculpturer. The Catholic Pope so demanded that he make it giving him no pick. At first the Catholic Pope asked that he paint the Twelve Apostles and so add a few cosmetic characteristics. Since he was being forced to make the piece Michelangelo made the design from his ain artistic vision. The terminal consequence of his design was over 300 figures throughout the whole of the ceiling separated into several subdivisions each stating a narrative. He started the undertaking in 1508 and the disclosure of the work was October 31, 1512. The picture was non complete at the clip but the Catholic Pope was ready for the universe to see the astonishing creat ive activity. BibleGateway.com. Web. 05 Mar. 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.biblegateway.com/ The Sistine Chapel. Art and the Bible. Web. 05 Mar. 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.artbible.info/art/sistine-chapel.html Throughout the Sistine Chapel works, all pieces have a representation from the bible. Chiefly the ceiling tells the narrative of Genesis. Through the centre 9 panels tell the narrative of Creation, Adam and Eve, and Noah. These panels are separated into 3 subdivisions each incorporating 3 panels. Around the centre subdivision lunettes above the Windowss was devoted to the ascendants of Jesus. In between these were images of Prophetss and sibyls numbering 12. Last, decorating the four corners of the ceiling were four good known narratives of the bible. The first narrative is David and Goliath screening David over Goliath. Traveling right from Figure 1 is Judith and Holofernes demoing Judith covering the cut off caput of Holofernes while he lay on a tabular array behind her. Traveling down is Moses and the bronze snake. This image shows the serpent staff that God told the people to make in order to salvage themselves from the toxicant serpents. The last of the four images is Haman bein g denounced and so hanged demoing Mordacia sitting outside of the door that Haman is go outing to give him his royal garments. In the left corner is Haman s married woman exposing his program to kill all the Jews.

Stylistic anaylsis on drama text Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stylistic anaylsis on drama text - Essay Example Despite being a king, who is powerful, Arthur does not through back insults at the man who continuously insults him. The second character, who is Man, is a disrespectful and arrogant person. He haughtily talks to King Arthur. He abuses him and calls him names like pig and dog. He does not respect the fact that Arthur is a king. The other character in the play, who is Galahad, is an interrogative person. He asks what the man was doing in England and if there was someone else they could talk to. Turn taking and topic control Conversations require to be controlled. There are norms to guide who talks and at what time. There are two steering norms in conversations (Short, 1996). These are: 1. One person to talk at a time 2. There should be no silence spells. The above helps a conversation to be smooth. In the extract below, questions have been used to signal the turn of the next speaker. Man: ’Allo. Whoo is eet? Arthur: I am King Arthur and these are my Knights of the Round Table. Whose castle is this? Man: This is the castle of my master, Guy de Loimbard. In the extract below, the norm of turn taking has been ignored. Man speaks even before Arthur passes his point. This is a sign of some misunderstanding. Arthur: Now look here, my good man†¦ Man: I don’t want to talk to you no more, you empty-headed animal food trough†¦ The rule of topic control has been violated in the text. The subject matter in the conversation was King Arthur and his men seeking for accommodation in Guy de Lombard’s castle. As the conservation goes on, man deviates from the subject matter by naughtily telling King Arthur that his matter already has one and it is nice. This leads to the conversation being agitated, Man throwing insults at Arthur and ends up with one of Arthur’s men being killed. Conservational implicatures Conversational implicatures occur when one flouts a conversational maxim so as to pass intendedinformation which has not been literary ex pressed,(Wilson & Sperber 1981).In the text in question, there are instances where conversational maxims have been flouted to pass a supplementary meaning which has not been literally brought out. For example, the maxim of quality has been violated in the dialogue below from the extract. Arthur: Are you sure he’s got one? Man: Oh yes. It’s very nice. Fromthe above, man has violated the maxim of quality. He gives more information than simply doing what he has been requested to do. He wants Arthur to know that not only has his master got it but what he has is also nice. There is also an instance where the maxim (Wilson & Sperber, 1981) of manner has been violated. The speaker is unintelligible and purposely confusing when he responds to a question or when it is his turn to speak. The speaker fails to be concise and brief. In the example below; Arthur: If you will not show us the Grail we shall storm your castle. Man: You don’t frighten us, English pig-dog. Go and boil your bottom, son of a silly person. I blow my nose on you so-called Arthur King, you and your silly English k†¦.niggets. We see that man gets out of topic and starts throwing insults at King Arthur. He does that to show what he feels about King Arthur. We also notice a conversational impl

Create a crisis action plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Create a crisis action plan - Coursework Example It is also important for the management to attempt to create goodwill in the company so that it can have a good image in the eyes of the (Flippo, 1961). There are different steps that can be taken when resolving conflicts in an organization. According to Armstrong (1994), there are mainly four stages that are involved in conflict resolution which involve the following: carry out research about the root cause of the conflict, design an action plan, implement the plan and finally evaluate the effectiveness of the crisis action plan. Some claims of sexual harassment that are reported in the organization are baseless hence the need to conduct some investigations to establish if the case has actually happened. In the event that sexual harassment claims are real, a proper course of action will be required in order to rectify the issue so that the parties involved can work together in harmony again. The action plan ought to involve the parties involved in the case of sexual harassment. This action plan should not only be limited to the people who are directly involved in the case but should be a leading example to the would be offenders in the future. The people involved should be brought to the drawing table where their case is openly discussed. The views of both parties are taken into consideration and a solution that is satisfactory to both parties is found. For the sake of progress and unity in the organization, reconciliation is the way forward when the offender and the victim have understood each other and hav e agreed to forgive each other. Thus, in the case highlighted above, the action plan involves the parties involved burying the hatchet and working together in unity. However, this course of action ought to be implemented by a responsible person like a leader in the organization. In order to implement this course of action, the leader should make sure that the people involved do not revert to the issue again but they should just focus on

Forensic Analysis of Personal Written Texts Research Paper - 1

Forensic Analysis of Personal Written Texts - Research Paper Example etermining patterns or possession of shared features by classifying the analysis under word level (demonstrative determiner, activity verb, frequently used words); clause level (sentence type, run ons and fragment, clause type, copula, preface and coordination); and whole text level (reference and rhetoric). A concluding portion would summarize the results to validate the contention to be revealed under the general analysis. The three separate and distinct texts are written by students from the class Structure of English and the task is to establish the authorship of the three texts through both linguistics and forensic analysis. The three texts are labeled as Text 1 (5), Text 2 (9) and Text 3 (5a). The three texts are writing experiences of students taking English as Second Language course (ESL). Text 1 shared the challenges of experiencing learning in their reading classes where some suggestions for teachers’ instructional methods were provided. Text 2 was more specific in providing examples that revealed the Chinese culture from where the student apparently came from. The student who wrote Text 2 wrote using the past tense with intermittent present tenses; the punctuation marks, specifically the periods were situated in the right location, unlike the author of Text 1. Finally, the author of Text 3 situated the periods the same way as that of the author of Text 1. Further, the use of ‘skimming and scanning’ was repeated both in Text 1 and Text 3, so one surmised that Text 1 and 3 are written by the same author. After due examination and counting of linguistic features of the three texts in word, clause and whole-text level referring to the book Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English and Robert Eagleson’s Forensic Analysis of Personal Written Texts: A Case Study, a tabular representation of results that appeared in the three texts would indicate if my contentions is supported. Activity Verb: Another feature reflecting the different lexical

Estimation of Mound Height in Endoscopic Treatment of VUR

Estimation of Mound Height in Endoscopic Treatment of VUR A Numerical Study to Precise the Estimation of the Good Mound Height in Endoscopic Treatment of VUR Author(s):  Mehdi Shirazi1, Zahra Jahanabadi2, Zeinab Hooshyar5, Zahra Mortazavinia4, Alireza Mehdizadeh3, Mojtaba Taherisadr6 Abstract Purpose: it seems that there is no definite and standard index to ascertain the technique and volume of injection in order to increase the success rate of endoscopic VUR treatment. In this study, we introduced a novel method to numerically define the relationship between some indexes in order to determine optimum mound height promise to standardize the injection technique in this kind of treatment. Material and method: The main purpose of this study is to construct a finite element simulation of intramural ureter and injected mound which aims to numerically define the relationship between indexes which have influence in VUR endoscopic treatment. Using linearization software and numerically simulation data the relationship between effective indexes has been derived. Result: By linearization of the effective parameters of different finite element models, the relationship between effective parameters in filling phase is derived as: H=0.7456D+ 0.02174L +0.01846. This equation depicts adequate injected mound height as a function of internal diameter and intramural length, H=f(L,D). Conclusion: Using numerical simulation, we introduced the novel formula to predict the height of injected mound in endoscopic VUR treatment. As a result of this study, in order to increasing the success rate of this treatment, the ratio of mound height to intramural ureter diameter should be approximately 74% (~3/4). Keywords: Mound height, Endoscopic treatment, Vesico ureteral reflux, Finite element model Introduction Vesico ureteral reflux (VUR) is a major disorder of childhood declared by retrograde urine flow from the bladder toward the kidney, predisposing patients to UTI and renal scarring and in long term leading to renal insufficiency and hypertension[1]. Current treatment options include close observation with urinary chemoprophylaxis, minimally invasive endoscopic subureteral injection of bulking agents and open or laparoscopic reimplantation[2]. The prophylactic antibiotic approach is proper for uncomplicated reflux (grade I-III without significant renal scarring or breakthrough infection)[3]. This type of treatment doesn’t cure VUR and has some problems such as patient noncompliance and increased antibiotic resistance[4]. Surgical reimplantation of the ureter is an invasive method[5] and already used for patients with high grade reflux, children with breakthrough UTI and children with reflux and developed renal scarring[6]. Endoscopic subureteral injection of bulking agents was introduced by Matouscheck as an evolution in treatment of reflux with a high success rate and minimal invasion[6], [7]. The substance used as a bulking material should be biocompatible, nonantigenic, nonmigratory and non-toxic with minimal local inflammation[8]. Multiple techniques on injection have been described. These methods include subureteral needle placement[8], intraureteral needle placement[9], [10] or some combinations of these. During recent years, several studies have been done to determine success or failure of endoscopic treatment, and various injection techniques have been introduced. Puri et al., described â€Å"volcano† appearance as the main sign of success of injection[11]. The proper shape was demonst rated by adequate coaptation of the ureteral orifice and by its location in the bladder below the ureteral orifice and/or along the waldeyer’s sheat[12], [13]. Despite all the studies carried out to determine the success or failure of endoscopic treatment, such as description of volcano appearance, injection technique in combination with hydrodistention, increasing injected volume, use of intraoperative cystogram with a simulated voiding phase, there is no definite and standard index to ascertain the technique and volume of injection in order to increase the success rate. In this study, we introduced a novel method to numerically define the relationship between some indexes in order to determine optimum mound height promise to standardize the injection technique. Materials Method In this study, a computational simulation was proposed to simulate the intramural ureter and injected mound which aims to numerically define the relationship between indexes which have influence in retrograde urine flow from intramural ureter. Geometry of the numerical model Fig. 1 illustrates diagrammatic representation of the functional anatomy of the ureterovesical junction and urinary anti reflux mechanism as the accumulation of urine within the bladder will lead to the tight closure of the portion of the ureter in between, thus preventing the backward return of urine to the kidneys, urinary anti reflux mechanism. In Fig. 1, P, D, H and L are intravesical pressure, intramural ureter diameter, injected mound height, and intramural ureter length, respectively. Section â€Å"A† in Figure 1 depicts the cross section of the intramural ureter with injected mound. The geometrical data of intramural ureter and ureterovesical junction were utilized as per Table 1. Materials Properties and Boundary Conditions Material properties for the intramural ureter wall were assumed to be linear elastic, isotropic, incompressible, and homogeneous with Young’s modulus of 10 Kpa [18]. The injected mound was modeled as a rigid volume as shown in Fig. 3. The boundary conditions for the wall were (1) the bottom surface of intramural wall was fixed at the connection to the internal bladder wall. (2) The upper wall was assumed to be free such that the deformation would occur due to the intravesical pressure and contribute to the tight closure of the portion of the ureter in between. Solution Method The ANSYS 11 software was employed to simulate the intramural ureter with injected mound in voiding phase. The intravesical pressure was applied on the upper portion of the intramural wall. The upper bound of intravesical pressure was considered to be 160 CmH2 O to encompass both male and female intravesical voiding pressures[15], see Table 1. The 8-Node structural solid mesh has been utilized in finite element model to have adequate adoption with this geometry and material behavior. 3 Results Fig. 2 illustrates the total deformation of the intramural ureter with injected mound in voiding phase. As shown, the intramural ureter has been closed due to the intravesical pressure. Fig. 3 shows the deformed and undeformed intramural wall in resting and voiding phase. As shown, in voiding position the injected mound height is high enough for the intramural ureter to be closed due to the intravesical pressure and prevents retrograde urine flow. In the first attempt, keeping the intramural ureter length constant, by changing intravesical pressure and internal diameter, the adequate injected mound height leading to tight closure of intramural ureter was obtained. By linearization of the effective parameters of about 30 different finite element models, the primary relationship between injected mound height, intravesical pressure and internal diameter of intramural ureter was defined as bellow, H=f(D,P) H=-0.0000003219P+0.7864D+0.000233(4) According to this relationship, it has been inferred that intravesical pressure coefficient is minute in comparison with coefficient of other effective parameters and it shows that changing the intravesical pressure plays an insignificant role in adequate injected mound height. In order to investigate the more effective indexes on injected mound height, the intramural length has been considered as one of variable parameters in finite element modeling. Varying internal diameter, intramural length and linearization of obtained data, the relationship between parameters was derived as: H=0.7456D+ 0.02174L +0.01846(5) This equation depicts optimum mound height as a function of internal diameter and intramural length, H=f(L,D). 4Discussion Endoscopic treatment of VUR was introduced more than 25 years ago and since then many different substances and injection techniques have been used with different results[13]. Choosing endoscopic treatment is reasonable, as it has many advantages, such as technical simplicity, greater acceptance of patients and parents and significant decrease in post- operation complications[7]. By improving the injection techniques the rate of endoscopic treatment has significantly increased as compared with open ureteral reimplantation[2]. During the recent years, many studies have been done to increase the ability to identify factors predicting success with the endoscopic subureteral injection[19]. At 2003, Puri et al.[11] described â€Å"volcano† appearance as the main sign of success of injection. The proper shape was demonstrated by adequate coaptation of the ureteral orifice and by its location in the bladder below the ureteral orifice and/or along the waldeyer’s sheat[12]. In different studies conducted by Lavelle et al.[12] and Yucel et al. [20], it was found that a subjectively proper mound appearance was highly predictive of injection success, but it should be noted that the morphology and location of the mound are not perfectly predictive of injection success or failure, as the mound seems perfectly adequate in some injections but the injection is not successful; also, the imperfect mound morphology does not necessarily imply injection failure[12]. Moreover, Ellworth PI et al. showed no correlation between the presence of a mound on post-injection ultrasound and the success of injection[19]. Some research agrees that an intraureteral injection technique in combination with hydrodistention results in higher success rates but this is controversial[9],[10],[20],[21]. The effect of injected volume on increasing the success rate is also controversial. Mathew D et al. showed that increasing the injection material volume will improve the success of subure teric injection[22] but other centers have shown that higher injection material volume doesn’t necessarily increase the treatment success rate[21]. So the effect of the injected volume in association with improved success rate remain unclear[12]. To determine the treatment success or failure, Tarry WF et al. described the utility of an intraoperative cystogram with a simulated voiding phase, but they demonstrated that an introperative cystogram can only detect de novo contralateral reflux but is not a proper method to predict the final success of injection[6]. Despite all the mentioned studies, still there is no definite and standard index to ascertain the technique and volume of injection, and also there is no quantitative index for determining the proper mound size and shape. So, we have conducted a study aiming to define an optimum injection mound by finite element modeling. In this study, we introduced a novel method to numerically define the relationship between some indexes in order to determine optimum mound height promise to standardize the injection technique in VUR treatment. It should be noted that due to every patient individual properties of intramural, it is not logical to consider similar injected mound height for all VUR treatment cases. Thus, it is needed to state the adequate injected mound height based on individual indexes of each case. The Intravesical pressure, intramural ureter diameter and length are some of these effective indexes. By specifying the relationship between all of these effective factors, the adequate and optimum injected mound height can be determined which can contribute to more success in treatment of VUR. In addition, it can help to save the needed injected mound height and make this injection method more economical. The results of this study show that the intravesical pressure has an insignificant effect on the required injected mound height. However, intramural length plays an important role on it in comparison with Intravesical Pressure. Moreover, the ratio of mound height to intramural ureter diameter is approximately 0.74 (~3/4), which is drawn that in order to have successful VUR treatment, it is needed that about 74% of intramural ureter diameter be filled with the injected mound. It should be mentioned that in Department of Urology of Shiraz University for the first time, an innovative method, introduced by Taheri et al.[23], is used to measure the injected mound height to assure the adequate injected mound height. In this method by adjusting camera, laparoscopy lens and imaging screen, it would be possible to measure the injected mound height as a ratio of projected picture on the screen. This study has served some limitation. The realistic cross section of intramural ureter has star shape. However, because of some limitation in finite element modeling, the circular one considered. Furthermore, we considered computational simulation only in voiding phase, although VUR may occur in resting phase. Conclusion In this study using numerical simulation, we introduced the novel formula to predict the height of injected mound in endoscopic VUR treatment. As a result of this study, in order to increase the success rate of this tevhnique, the ratio of mound height to intramural ureter diameter should be approximately 74% (~3/4). Moreover, clinical study has been conducted to ascertain the accuracy of this obtained height. Fig. 1Diagrammatic representation of the functional anatomy of the ureterovesical junction Fig. 2Intramural ureter displacement in voiding phase Fig. 3Deformed and undeformed intramural urine wall References Lenaghan, D., et al., The natural history of reflux and longterm effects of reflux on the kidney. J Urol, 1976. 115(6): p. 728-30. Cerwinka, W.H., et al., Radiologic features of implants after endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2010. 195(1): p. 234-40. Harper, L., et al., Postoperative cystography and endoscopic treatment of lowgrade vesicoureteral reflux. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2008. 18(3): p. 461-463. Hsieh, M.H., et al., Treatment of Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Using Endoscopic Injection of Hyaluronic Acid/Dextranomer Gel: Intermediate-term Experience by a Single Surgeon.j urology, 2010. 76(1): p. 199-203. Elder, J.S., et al., Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines Panel Summary Report on the Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children. j urology, 1997. 157(5): p. 1846-1851. Perlmutter, A.E., et al., Utility of an intraoperative cystogram with a simulated voiding phase after endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. W V Med J, 2008. 104(4): p. 22-4. Rivilla, F., Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in a paediatric surgery ambulatory unit. Vol. 7. 2011. 132-5. Bae, Y.D., et al., Endoscopic Subureteral Injection for the Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children: Polydimethylsiloxane (Macroplastique ®) versus Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Copolymer (Deflux ®). Korean J Urol, 2010. 51(2): p. 128-131. Gupta, A. and W. Snodgrass, Intra-Orifice Versus Hydrodistention Implantation Technique in Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Injection for Vesicoureteral Reflux. J urology, 2008. 180(4): p. 1589-1593. Kirsch, A.J., et al., The modified sting procedure to correct vesicoureteral reflux: improved results with submucosal implantation within the intramural ureter. J urology, 2004. 171(6 Pt 1): p. 2413-2416. Puri, P., et al., Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux by Endoscopic Injection of Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Copolymer: Preliminary Results. J urology, 2003. 170(4): p. 1541-1544. Routh, J.C. and Y. Reinberg, Predicting Success in the Endoscopic Management of Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux. Uro, 2010. 76(1): p. 195-198. Lavelle, M.T., M.J. Conlin, and S.J. Skoog, Subureteral injection of Deflux for correction of reflux: Analysis of factors predicting success. Uro, 2005. 65(3): p. 564-567. Yeung CK, G.M., Duffy PG, Ransley PG., Nat<

Biological Determinism :: essays research papers

Biological Determinism 1. According to the author of the article "All in the Genes?", there is no intrinsic causality between genetics and intelligence. The author analyses different aspects of biological determinism, and supplies many examples, which illustrate aspects of this problem that are being discussed since the time when these ideas became popular. He does not agree with biological determinist that the intellectual performance of a person depends on genes inherited from his parents. There are a lot of different theories about intellectual capabilities. All these theories reflect different points of views, depending on the period of time the authors of these theories lived. The author argues for the theory that in the nineteenth century , artificial barriers in social hierarchy prevented people from achieving higher intellectual performance. In the end of XX century, in most places these barriers were removed by the democratic processes, and nothing artificial can stand between the natural sorting process and social status of the people. These changes can not be considered as historical because the age of democracy is just two hundred years , and the time when inequality between classes and between people was a natural situation is almost as long as the history of the world . The author insists that there is no connection between environmental differences and genetics. In support of his idea the author state that any Canadian student can perform better in mathematics than some ancient professors of mathematics. The author comes to the conclusion that changes in a cultural environment are the main factor that determines level of intellectual performance, not inherited combination of parent's genes . He argues that genetic differences that appear in one environment may easily disappear in another. A theory that twins were raised in different social conditions will have the same level of intellectual performance because identical genetics constitution was used by the ideologist of biological determinism. The author rejects this theory because from his point of view, all these cases cannot be considered as always reliable on a close look, in most cases, twins were raised by the members of the same family or in other words, not in a diametrical opposite level of society. The author believes that there is no convincing measure of the role of genes in influencing human behavioural variation. During the argumentation of questions of biological determinism, the author supports his idea with numerous examples. He gives examples of supporters of bio determinism and outlines that these examples are not reliable. One of the fallacies of biological determinism is the result of IQ testing. According to some scientist only 20% of performance depend on environment and other 80%

Fetal Rights Essay

The government sees the rights of the human fetus as a complex topic, along with civil and human rights. In most states fetuses are not given entitlements because it can be seen as a violation of the privileges of the woman carrying the fetus. As of today the U. S. Supreme Court does not recognize the fetus as a person under the Fourteenth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution (Constitution). In the Declaration of Independence it is stated that the government is in place to give the U. S. people, â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,† as part of societies’ inalienable rights. In the entitlements of a fetus – a combination of a sperm and an egg – which many believe becomes a human being at the moment of conception. If this is the case then the fetus is entitled to these same privileges. Society should be able to go against the government in the case of fetal rights because they deserve to be treated as any other U. S. citizen. The citizens of the U. S. should fight for the rights of the fetuses because that is where every human being’s life began. The treatment of these unborn infants throughout pregnancy affects the overall health, both physical and mental, throughout their lifetime. Society and government officials need to put themselves in the situation of the disabled or mentally ill children that are born into this world with a preventable defect had they been taken care of properly within the womb. When a woman is pregnant they harbor another life that is completely innocent and should be treated as so. The fetus deserves to be given the same inalienable rights that those already born into this world receive, despite the wishes of the carrier. The acknowledgement of the human fetus and determining whether or not it has certain rights varies from state to state. In 1987 in the state of California, these rights were put to a test in the case of People vs. Stewart (Maternal). In this case Ms. Stewart had been charged with child abuse because she had been stated to have â€Å"willfully omitting to furnish medical services. † Her actions caused the child to be born with cranial damage and then died in the following two months (Maternal). In 1986 the judge charged her offense for harming this child in its’ fetus state, but on February 26, 1987 the charge was revoked. A new judge was assigned from the state of California and came upon the conclusion that Ms.  Stewart could not be penalized because she was in the state of pregnancy (Maternal). It was seen that Ms. Stewart was in the right when abusing her own body therefore affecting the fetus because she was committing an action to herself and a fetus without rights. The debate of the fetus and the rights it has conflict with those of woman rights. In some states, women’s rights in the terms of pregnancy include the ability to have an abortion under certain circumstances such as: rape, drug-abuse, or incest (Isaacs). This element arose in the case of Roe vs. Wade when identifying the personal rights and the role of prevention from the government (Brant ed. ). Society should be able to recognize the difference between a woman who is unable to carry a baby, for whatever reason, and the abuse of the child within the womb and the affects after birth. If fetuses were given the same inalienable rights as other U. S. citizens that have already been born into then the abuse of these infants would be put to an end. The gynecologist who sees after these women as they go through pregnancy would be able to protect the fetus from harm if the mother revealed the use of substance abuse during pregnancy. Currently, if a mother confesses to the doctor she is misusing a substance during pregnancy the doctor is not able to prevent this from continuing, as it would violate the woman’s rights. Infants born with an addiction to drugs or alcohol would be put to a halt completely because the mother would be unable to take part in these actions, as she would be in turn harming the fetus. The doctors would have the right to place these women in the hospital for the duration of the pregnancy to prevent further drug use. Today much of society is unaware that the fetus is given certain rights, but they seem to be overruled by the maternal rights of the mother (Isaac). If society was well informed of the treatment of these children maybe there would begin to be a movement to give these infants the rights they deserve. The opinions of the concerned and well informed citizens needs to be heard by government officials and even by the mothers who continue to choose to harm themselves and their child throughout pregnancy. The words and concern of fellow citizens could stop the ill treatment of the fetuses and given them the rights they are entitled to from the moment of conception. If citizens came together and drew a line on the rights for both parties and if health care was reformed to provide more affordable birth control so pregnancy could be prevented. If the future mothers were able to receive help for their substance abuse early on then they could be sent to rehabilitation centers before becoming pregnant. These ideas could help become the solution for the mothers and the fetuses.

The Things They Carried Book Report

The Things They Carried Book Report Free Online Research Papers I read a book called â€Å"The Things They Carried† by a man named Tim O’Brien. In this book O’Brien wanted to show his readers about his past war times and what him and his platoon had to endure day after day. He wanted the readers to understand that war is much different than just being out killing people. His main goal was to express the hardship he endured and the guilt he receives even after doing something right. In the book O’Brien would explain how everyday he would have to carry his weapon, Pictures of family, water, food, medical supplies, knives and many other things. Not only would he and his platoon have to carry all of their equipment, but also they would have to walk miles on end while they carry it. His platoon changed their schedule to avoid detection. They would move only at night and during the day rest. When someone goes to war its not all about ‘go over there and kill everyone so we can win’. Our troops kill only if their life is in danger. After each kill the soldier has to endure guilt. Not all soldiers are like that. Some change as O’Brien explains in this book. After a soldier kills a few he becomes immune to the guilt and treats the dead just as if they were alive. O’Brien explains that all the men in his platoon would go to the dead and shake their hand and talk to them. He was new to this whole war thing at the time and was disgusted in seeing them treat the men/women with such disrespect. A soldier’s job is to obey his commands, to protect himself and his country; if the only way he can accomplish that is to kill he will. Killing to survive and save others lives in our world’s eyes is right but to a soldier its way different. It’s different because the kill is on his back and not ours. He will never be able to forget his first kill. His whole life he will have to live with this false guilt. This is why we need to support our troops. Research Papers on "The Things They Carried" Book ReportCapital PunishmentHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Hockey GameArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Book Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringQuebec and Canada

Marquis de Lafayette, French and American Revolutionary

Marquis de Lafayette, French and American Revolutionary Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (September 6, 1757–May 20, 1834) was a French aristocrat who gained fame as an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Arriving in North America in 1777, he quickly formed a bond with General George Washington and initially served as an aide to the American leader. Proving a skilled and dependable commander, Lafayette earned greater responsibility as the conflict progressed and played a key part in obtaining aid from France for the American cause. Fast Facts: Marquis de Lafayette Known For: French aristocrat who fought as an officer for the Continental Army in the American Revolution, and later, the French RevolutionBorn: September 6, 1757 in Chavaniac, FranceParents: Michel du Motier and Marie de La Rivià ¨reDied: May 20, 1834 in Paris, FranceEducation: Collà ¨ge du Plessis and the Versailles AcademySpouse: Marie Adrienne Franà §oise de Noailles (m. 1774)Children: Henriette du Motier, Anastasie Louise Pauline du Motier, Georges Washington Louis Gilbert du Motier, Marie Antoinette Virginie du Motier Returning home after the war, Lafayette served in a central role during the early years of the French Revolution and helped write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Falling from favor, he was jailed for five years before being released in 1797. With the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Lafayette began a long career as a member of the Chamber of Deputies. Early Life Born September 6, 1757, at Chavaniac, France, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette was the son of Michel du Motier and Marie de La Rivià ¨re. A long-established military family, an ancestor had served with Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orleans during the Hundred Years War. A colonel in the French Army, Michel fought in the Seven Years War and was killed by a cannonball at the Battle of Minden in August 1759. Raised by his mother and grandparents, the young marquis was sent to Paris for education at the Collà ¨ge du Plessis and the Versailles Academy. While in Paris, Lafayettes mother died. Gaining military training, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Musketeers of the Guard on April 9, 1771. Three years later, he married Marie Adrienne Franà §oise de Noailles on April 11, 1774. In the Army Through Adriennes dowry he received a promotion to captain in the Noailles Dragoons Regiment. After their marriage, the young couple lived near Versailles while Lafayette completed his schooling at the Acadà ©mie de Versailles. While training at Metz in 1775, Lafayette met the Comte de Broglie, commander of the Army of the East. Taking a liking to the young man, de Broglie invited him to join the Freemasons. Through his affiliation in this group, Lafayette learned of the tensions between Britain and its American colonies. By participating in the Freemasons and other thinking groups in Paris, Lafayette became an advocate for the rights of man and the abolition of slavery. As the conflict in the colonies evolved into open warfare, he came to believe that the ideals of the American cause closely reflected his own. Coming  to America In December 1776, with the American Revolution raging, Lafayette lobbied to go to America. Meeting with American agent Silas Deane, he accepted an offer to enter American service as a major general. Learning of this, his father-in-law, Jean de Noailles, had Lafayette assigned to Britain as he did not approve of Lafayettes American interests. During a brief posting in London, he was received by King George III and met several future antagonists, including Major General Sir Henry Clinton. Returning to France, he obtained aid from de Broglie and Johann de Kalb to advance his American ambitions. Learning of this,  de Noailles sought aid from King Louis XVI who issued a decree banning French officers from serving in America. Though forbidden by King Louis XVI to go, Lafayette purchased a ship, Victoire, and evaded efforts to detain him. Reaching Bordeaux, he boarded Victoire and put to sea on April 20, 1777. Landing near Georgetown, South Carolina, on June 13, Lafayette briefly stayed with Major Benjamin Huger before proceeding to Philadelphia. Arriving, Congress initially rebuffed him as they were tired of Deane sending French glory seekers. After offering to serve without pay, and aided by his Masonic connections, Lafayette received his commission but it was dated July 31, 1777, rather than the date of his agreement with Deane and he was not assigned a unit. For these reasons, he nearly returned home; however, Benjamin Franklin dispatched a letter to General George Washington asking the American commander to accept the young Frenchman as an aide-de-camp. The two first met on August 5, 1777, at a dinner in Philadelphia and immediately formed a lasting rapport.   First meeting of the Marquis de Lafayette and George Washington, 1777. Library of Congress Into the Fight Accepted onto Washingtons staff, Lafayette first saw action at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777. Outflanked by the British, Washington allowed Lafayette to join Major General John Sullivans men. While attempting to rally Brigadier General Thomas Conways Third Pennsylvania Brigade, Lafayette was wounded in the leg but did not seek treatment until an orderly retreat was organized. For his actions, Washington cited him for bravery and military ardour and recommended him for divisional command. Briefly leaving the army, Lafayette traveled to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to recuperate from his wound. Recovering, he assumed command of Major General Adam Stephens division after that general was relieved following the Battle of Germantown. With this force, Lafayette saw action in New Jersey while serving under Major General Nathanael Greene.  This included winning a victory at the Battle of Gloucester on November 25 which saw his troops defeat British forces under Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis. Rejoining the army at Valley Forge, Lafayette was asked by Major General Horatio Gates and the Board of War to proceed to Albany to organize an invasion of Canada. Before leaving, Lafayette alerted Washington about his suspicions regarding Conways efforts to have him removed from command of the army. Arriving at Albany, he found that there were too few men present for an invasion and after negotiating an alliance with the Oneidas he returned to Valley Forge. Rejoining Washingtons army, Lafayette was critical of the boards decision to attempt an invasion of Canada during the winter. In May 1778, Washington dispatched Lafayette with 2,200 men to ascertain British intentions outside Philadelphia. Further Campaigns Aware of Lafayettes presence, the British marched out of the city with 5,000 men in an effort to capture him. In the resulting Battle of Barren Hill, Lafayette was skillfully able to extract his command and rejoin Washington. The following month, he saw action at the Battle of Monmouth as Washington attempted to attack Clinton as he withdrew to New York. In July, Greene and Lafayette were dispatched to Rhode Island to aid Sullivan with his efforts to expel the British from the colony. The operation centered on cooperation with a French fleet led Admiral Comte de dEstaing. This was not forthcoming as dEstaing departed for Boston to repair his ships after they were damaged in a storm. This action angered the Americans as they felt that they had been abandoned by their ally. Racing to Boston, Lafayette worked to smooth things over after a riot resulting from dEstaings actions erupted. Concerned about the alliance, Lafayette asked for leave to return to France to ensure its continuance. Granted, he arrived in February 1779 and was briefly detained for his earlier disobedience to the king. Virginia Yorktown Working with Franklin, Lafayette lobbied for additional troops and supplies. Granted 6,000 men under General Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau, he returned to America in May 1781. Sent to Virginia by Washington, he conducted operations against the traitor Benedict Arnold and shadowed Cornwallis army as it moved north. Nearly trapped at the Battle of Green Spring in July, Lafayette monitored British activities until the arrival of Washingtons army in September. Taking part in the Siege of Yorktown, Lafayette was present at the British surrender. Return to France Sailing home to France in December 1781, Lafayette was received at Versailles and promoted to field marshal. After aiding in planning an aborted expedition to the West Indies, he worked with Thomas Jefferson to develop trade agreements. Returning to America in 1782, he toured the country and received several honors. Remaining active in American affairs, he routinely met with the new countrys representatives in France. French Revolution On December 29, 1786, King Louis XVI appointed Lafayette to the Assembly of Notables which was convened to address the nations worsening finances. Arguing for spending cuts, he was one who called for the convening of the Estates General. Elected to represent the nobility from Riom, he was present when the Estates General opened on May 5, 1789. Following the Oath of the Tennis Court and the creation of the National Assembly, Lafayette joined the new body and on July 11, 1789, he presented a draft of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Lieutenant General Marquis de Lafayette, 1791. Public Domain Appointed to lead the new National Guard on July 15, Lafayette worked to maintain order. Protecting the king during the March on Versailles in October, he diffused the situation- although the crowd demanded that Louis move to the Tuileries Palace in Paris. He was again called to the Tuileries on February 28, 1791, when several hundred armed aristocrats surrounded the palace in an effort to defend the king. Dubbed the Day of Daggers, Lafayettes men disarmed the group and arrested many of them. Later Life After a failed escape attempt by the king that summer, Lafayettes political capital began to erode. Accused of being a royalist, he sunk further after the Champ de Mars Massacre when National Guardsmen fired into a crowd. Returning home in 1792, he was soon appointed to lead one of the French armies during the War of the First Coalition. Working for peace, he sought to shut down the radical clubs in Paris. Branded a traitor, he attempted to flee to the Dutch Republic but was captured by the Austrians. Marquis de Lafayette, 1825. National Portrait Gallery Held in prison, he was finally released by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797. Largely retiring from public life, he accepted a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 1815. In 1824, he made one final tour of America and was hailed as a hero. Six years later, he declined the dictatorship of France during the July Revolution and Louis-Phillipe was crowned king. The first person granted honorary United States citizenship, Lafayette died on May 20, 1834, at the age of 76. Sources Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. New York: Wiley, 2003.Levasseur, A. Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825; or, Journal of a Voyage to the United States. Trans. Godman, John D. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1829.Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette and the Historians: Changing Symbol, Changing Needs, 1834–1984. Historical Reflections / Rà ©flexions Historiques 11.3 (1984): 373–401. Print.Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.