Assess the Strengths and Weaknesses of Weimar Germany

Assess the strengths and weaknesses of Weimar Germany between 1919 and 1932 IB History HL 28. 12. 2011 Plan Intro: * Historical background of Weimar Republic * Thesis statement (Draw comparisons between strengths and weaknesses, assess their importance and conclude which was the most important) Body: * Compare/Contrast * Attempt at democracy supported internationally vs. German hatred of Treaty of Versailles * Revolution started by the people vs. Right-wing tendencies of elite and army * Strong political parties already in place vs.Weaknesses of proportional representation * Strengths of responsible use of Article 48 vs. Dangers of misuse of Article 48 Conclusion: * Give short summary of all * Which was the most important? * none, all equally important * Refer back to thesis statement ___________________________________________________________________________ Essay In late 1918, early 1919, Germany was faced with the great fate to become a democratic state stemming from a tyrannical monarchy under the Kaiser. Said monarchy had been overthrown by a revolution by the people and now the government was about to turn into a democracy.This democracy, later to be known as the Weimar Republic, was faced with perils on all sides in many situations, overcoming them by virtue of its strengths and lasting until 1932 when the exploitation of its weaknesses ended its reign as a democracy, turning it back into a tyranny under a single man. This essay will assess the strengths and weaknesses of Weimar Germany, draw comparisons between them and determine which was the most important in its rise, flourish and eventual fall. The Weimar Republic was the first attempt at true, constitutional democracy in Germany.Throughout its history, Germany had only been led by autocratic rule, from the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (the First Reich), through the divided monarchy (Prussia, Austria, Bavaria as independent kingdoms), till the Bismarck Era (the Second Reich). When the idea of revolution and democracy, a government for and by the people, spread through Germany and the Kaiser abdicated in the wake of the German Revolution of 1918, other democratic governments like the USA and the UK saw it as a great step in the right and wanted to support it.France, as the third internationally prominent democracy, was not so optimistic towards the idea of a strong German state even if democratic. Had the US and the UK been unrelenting in their support for the German democratic government, Weimar Germany may have lasted longer than it did. As it was, while the international support from prominent powers boosted the Weimar Republic's standing internationally and brought it some support in Germany, the allies' caution in this matter and hence their harsh treatment of Germany in the Treaty of Versailles in fact contributed more to the downfall of Germany than its first success.In fact, the Weimar Republic was seen, and still today is seen, as having been born from the Tr eaty of Versailles. This fact made the democratic system extremely unpopular in the eyes of the German people as the Treaty was seen as a diktat by the allies against Germany and the political leaders of Germany that signed the Treaty, i. e. the political forefathers of Weimar Germany, were regarded as criminals by some Germans. This inherent hatred was a severe weakness of the Weimar Republic and was one of the major factors responsible for its downfall.The German Revolution of 1918 was orchestrated, executed and accredited to the people of Germany. Its importance in the rise of the Weimar Republic clearly signalises that the new democratic government had the full backing of the working class which, at this time, made up the majority of the voting public in Germany. This fundamental backing from the majority of German voters meant that a democratic system could function and this initial support from the people was one of the major strengths of the Republic.A nation, however, does n ot exist without an elite and the elite in Weimar Germany were extremely discontent with then change in political system. The elite in Germany in 1919 were a group that had profited well under a monarchy and many of their income systems would be destroyed under a democratic government that would put the common man before them. In between the bourgeoisie, high-standing army officers saw the political leaders of Weimar Germany as criminals for signing the Treaty of Versailles which effectively destroyed German military power.This distrust and hate from the elite towards Weimar Germany was a fundamental weakness as it led to the political intrigue in later years when figures like Schleicher and von Pappen manipulated the system to their needs, leading to the downfall of Weimar Germany. Had there not been such distrust and hate, Weimar Germany may never have fallen, showing it as a grave weakness of the system. When the Revolution came and the Republic was declared in Germany, there wer e clear political parties that formed.This was a significant strength of the Weimar Republic as there was not much time needed to form political parties with clear goals as these had already been formed in the Reichstag of the Second Reich. This decisive democratic action enabled the new government to form quickly and immediately show a face of democracy with the elections soon after. These elections, however, revealed the weakness of the newly introduced system of proportional representation as the Reichstag was over-run with representatives from countless parties that all needed a seat.This system severely slowed down all decisions in the Reichstag and so frustrated the public. This was hence a major weakness as it compromised the decision-making ability of the German government and made the public lose hope in the system. This weakness also directly contributed to the downfall of the Weimar Republic as the public's displeasure at the ineffectiveness of the system made them look t owards a stronger leader like Hitler for order.In the Weimar Constitution, Article 48 enabled the President to assume dictatorial power in times of emergency to â€Å"protect† the Republic. Used responsibly, this article was an effective if morally questionable mechanism to prevent coups and keep the democratic government in power in Weimar Germany. This was done under President Ebert in the early times of the Republic as the Spartacist Uprising, the Kapp Putsch and the Socialist takeover of Bavaria threatened democracy's power. The article could, however, also be misused with grave consequences.As the only thing stopping the President from dictatorial rule under Article 48 was the Reichstag and the President could dissolve the Reichstag, there was really nothing stopping the President from dictatorship except his own self-restraint. Said self-restraint was apparently not present in President Hindenburg as he blatantly abused article 48 in his time eventually leading up to th e fall of the Weimar Republic, showing that this article was also a great weakness of the Weimar Republic.From above, we have seen the many weaknesses and strengths of the Weimar Republic and how each played their little role in the rise, prospering and the fall of Weimar Germany. The remaining question would now be, so which was the most important? To this there can be no answer. Each of these factors contributed their own little part to the Weimar Republic and its fall. Had they not all been, the Republic may have fallen directly after its conception, or might still stand today, we cannot know.There is no telling what would have happened had one weakness been completely replaced by a strength or vice versa. The facts remain that each contributed their part to the face of modern history today. Bibliography Benz, Wolgang. A Concise History of the Third Reich, translated by Thomas Dunlap. London, England: University of California Press, Ltd. , 2006. John Hite, Chris Hinton. Weimar & Nazi Germany. London, UK: Hachette Livre, 2000.

Heidrick & Struggles International, Inc

Strategic Recruitment is critical to the success of an organization in meeting its goals and mission because the organization needs people that can think out of the box and grasp concepts that are different from the normal. An organization is only as successful as it is able to keep up with change. By bring in strategic and aggressive people it allows the organization to bring in new and fresh ideas to motivate the current staff that maybe stale with confident from tenure. Summary of the Case Kelly, CEO, has been running Heidrick & Struggles making sounds, low risk, and financial investments in order to get his company to the next level; he now looks to more high risk, but yet higher dividend investment into technology. The technology investments do not have a long track record of dividend which concerns the company of its financial stability. How can Kelly convent them, that he is making an aggressive decision in order to get his company to the next level? Issues The company probably has for years been buying stocks and bonds, and these investments are low risk and low pay out investments. Kelly no longer wants to maintain the organization, but he wants to grow the organization instead. Alternate Courses of Action There are likely better investments with a proven financial track record. I am sure that the organization trust Kelly’s judgment but simply wants more proven assurance that the decision being made are wise decision. Being able to track an investment returns over a longer time period can be proof enough of it financial worth. Recommendations My recommendations are to do more research on more technology funds in the technology field, look for companies with tenure within management and strong financial security. Even thought technology may be the current investment venture I would do more research to predict future market trends so that I could stay ahead of the curve. Conclusion Kelly wants to see his organization grow, but in the future make sure homework is done and brought to the table first for consideration. Kelly must be to do his homework and is able to actually believe in his research before he will be able to convent anyone else of his idea.

Goal Setting Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Goal Setting - Personal Statement Example I have some very lofty goals that I know are challenging but I am on the right path. Currently I am working towards becoming a Clinical Physcologist. I am attending the University of Wisconsin-Madison as a freshman. I am highly ambitious as I will be completing 26 credits for my 1st semester (normally coursloads run from 15-20 credits). I have sustained a high level of achievement throughout all of my academic career, my many awards and honors include Honor roll (200-2006), Who's Who Among American High School Students, High School student achievement award (2004 and 2006), Student of the month (2004), National Honor Society(2004-2006), and Kiwanis Club certificate of Scholastic achievement (2003). I have not only excelled in academics but in sports as well as participating in community service. I was awarded the Bradford athletic award for volleyball in 2003 and have volunteered at the lions club and Shalom Centre, where I have helped serving meals as well as helping those in need. I am an excellent candidate for the scholarship awarded by the Slovak American Charitable Association. I am the third generation of my family to be a member of the "First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association". I am proud of who I am and where my family has come from.

Mathematics Curriculum in Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mathematics Curriculum in Education - Assignment Example Teachers did not realize the importance of relating the lesson to the real life experience of the students. Later, educators and philosophers realized that the content of math education should be close to the students’ personal experience or to realia, hence math education geared towards a more practical approach in which learning concepts were discussed and examples from real life experiences were given. Today, efforts to improve mathematics teaching have grown immeasurably, thus allowing teachers to teach math effectively. This paper discusses some of the modern approaches useful for attaining goals in the upper primary math classrooms. In particular, the approaches mentioned are relevant to the teaching of Mathematics in the upper primary level in (name of school), which is located in Brunei Darussalam. The Mathematics curriculum in (name of school) adopts a modern approach to teaching. In particular, the curriculum emphasizes the teaching of math in relation to the real life setting. This means giving particular attention to how math is used in the real world, such as government, business, home, and school. In the curriculum for upper primary (Grades 4–6) students, the syllabus includes topics that relate to real life experiences of using numbers and math concepts. Specifically, the goals of instruction include the following: †¢ Communication of math ideas in oral and written form ... This denotes the use of modern approaches that promote communication among students, especially in spoken language. Such approaches include Cooperative Learning, Cooperative Learning entails class activities that allow students to interact with each other and perform tasks in groups. Murdoch and Wilson (n.d.) define cooperative learning as an approach that requires students to work together towards a common goal. Merely working in groups without specific goals and measurements cannot be considered cooperative learning. For activities to be considered as cooperative learning activities, they should have clearly set goals and rules, for instance, each student in the group plays an important role in the performance of a particular activity. One way of applying Cooperative Learning is asking students to solve math problems. For example, students will be asked to solve for the average of annual GDP growth of the country in 10 years. In the given problem, each member of the group will be a ssigned to solve the GDP growth for (a) particular year/s. Hence, in a group of four, one can be assigned to solve for the growth from 2002-2005, another for 2005-2008, still another for 2008-2012, then finally another member averages the total GDP growth from his/her classmates. This way, each member of the group contributes effort and knowledge to come up with the final answer. The answer to the problem cannot be obtained without the output of each individual. Thus, assigning each member a role will make the student collaborate with others. Without the contribution of each member, the group will not be able to arrive at the final answer. Brown and Ciuffetelli (2009) and Siltala (2010) identify five basic and

Mobile Phone Health Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mobile Phone Health - Literature review Example Mobile health can also refers to the delivery of health needs in respect to medicine, and address of public health concern with utilizing mobile technology gadgets such as cell phones and PDAs. Introduction The rapid growth of the telecommunication industry across the world inclusive of the developing nations has triggered a revolution in the daily operations of the society. This is in particular to the development of the cell phone as a tool of communication and at affordable rates. This has ensured that approximately 50% of the world’s population utilizes mobile phones (Hoyt & Yoshihashi, 2009). Such technological developments have come hand in hand with easier and basic functions such as short messaging services (SMS) which are effective and cheap means of relaying information. Inception of smart phones, which can almost replicate all applications of personal computer enabling easier browsing of the web, GPS navigate as well as communicate through email. Such advances have enhanced m health services. M-Health has evolved from the e health sector, which encompassed the information and communication sector using computers, communication satellites and many others for relay and delivery of health needs as well as give out information on health related issues (Hoyt & Yoshihashi, 2009). ... Increased, performance, miniaturization, availability, data rates enhancement and expected convergence of such future systems accelerate the development of m-health systems in the next decade, (Istepanian, Laxminarayan & Pattichia 2006). Motivation of m Health The substantial growth in mobile phone access in developing nations to health workers, as well as the whole population contributes to development of m-Health. It helps lower the cost of relaying healthcare information (Duplaga, Ingram & Zielinski, 2006). Low and middle income nations in Africa and Asia, due to various constraints in their health sector display effective m Health usage. Shortcomings in the health sector especially in developing nations also motivate m Health’s growth. These include high population growth curves, high disease quotient, less health practitioners and lack of finances for infrastructure and health systems. Applications of m Health Mobile health has had various applications in the healthcare i ndustry and this include in education and awareness on health issues, giving diagnosis and support treatment. It also assists in communication on health issues, ease training of health workers, tracking of outbreaks and epidemics of various diseases, monitoring and data collection in remote areas as well as be an effective helpline for those in need of health care services (Payton & Tan, 2009). Education and awareness using m health aids relay of mass data through SMS where all stakeholders directly receive information on various health subjects. It is effective and is especially to individuals in remote areas. Information sent across to various individuals assists them in testing, treating and

Deductive and Inductive Arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deductive and Inductive Arguments - Essay Example A deductive argument is said to be unsound if its premises are not logically correct, but then they can be founded upon to form a correct conclusion. For instance, the following premises; Mary is 37 years old, Mary is caring then the conclusion from the premises is Mary is a mother. The argument is unsound since the premises are generalized and thus will not form a good basis for making an informed conclusion. The premises since they are general in nature cannot be said to be logically correct since they are not specific to be based for making informed conclusions hence the argument is unsound. Inductive premises are not always correct the person in the argument will take them as they are to influence a certain conclusion that is desirable (Iep.utm.edu). The nature of the premises in inductive arguments determines whether the overall conclusion of the argument is weak or strong. For instance; the policemen said Peter committed the murder, so Peter is the murderer. This argument is weak because its based on a section of the overall evidence and thus, cannot be depended upon. On the other hand, if we have premises like these; eyewitnesses said they saw Peter commit the murder, fingerprint evidence from the body of the diseased together with the weapon are identical to Peter’s and Peter confessed to the police to have committed the act, so Peter committed the murder. The argument above is strong since it incorporates a number of evidence that precisely implicates Peter to the murder beyond reasonable doubt. Therefore, from the aforementioned definitions and illustrations it is evident that the deductive arguments are more compelling than the inductive arguments because their conclusion are correctly premised logically and morally as opposed to the inductive arguments, which are often incorrect and depend upon the perception or intention of the individuals to form a conclusion that

Osteoporosis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Osteoporosis - Case Study Example Although any individual can contract the condition, Asian and Caucasian women are more prone (Compston, 62). Apart from the vertebrae, osteoporosis affects all the bones in human bodies. However, most instances are seen commonly on the wrist, hip and spine, also known as the vertebrae. It supports the body to maintain its varying postures. Serum calcium levels are elevated in osteoporosis due to its liberation from bones because of hormone influence, the parathyroid hormone in it and more calcium absorption by the kidney that raises its level in the blood (Compston, 18). Referring osteoporosis metabolic bone diseases implies that they result from mineral abnormalities and are often reversible after treating the underlying defects. Osteoporosis can be prevented or slowed down by supplementing the food with enough elements known to lead to this condition. Exercise strengthens bones and their production contrary to the belief that it raises the risks for osteoporosis  acquisition. There are drug therapies that go handy with osteoporosis. They include use of medication such as thyroid hormon e, steroids, diuretics and anticonvulsants (Compston,

POLICY MAKING IN THE UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

POLICY MAKING IN THE UK - Essay Example nd its prevention were recognized a hundred years ago, political concern and legal steps to stop this problem started from the 1950s (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000). It has become an acute problem nowadays because Smoking remains the main cause of preventable disease and premature death in the UK. In England alone, over 80,000 deaths per year are due to smoking and about 8.5 million people still smoke in England today. (dh.gov.uk). In the case of UK, the anti-tobacco strategy is carried as a cross-government initiative involving a variety of departments and agencies. The Health Department has the overall responsibility for the delivery of anti-tobacco strategy through formulation of strict laws. UK government formulated its anti-tobacco policy to the extent that it did not want young people to be exposed to tobacco promotions and advertisements and importantly wanted to make it difficult for the young people to get hold of tobacco and tobacco related product of cigarette. As far a s the promotions and advertisements are concerned, the UK government believes that if children or young people are not exposed to it, it will not create an urge among them to smoke. Tobacco policy currently rests on claims: tobacco advertising and promotion are the major reasons why young people begin to smoke; so all forms of tobacco advertising and promotion, including tobacco displays, should be banned. (Basham). As part of the anti-tobacco policy, the government came up with the Health Bill 2009. The key proposals in the bill are the need for the commercial shops to remove tobacco displays and importantly restrict the sale of cigarettes from vending machines. Removing tobacco displays will in a way prevent prospective children and young people from being exposed to the promotions and will also support smokers who want to quit as displays prompt impulse purchases undermining efforts to give up. (dh.gov.uk). Also, the proposal to restrict or even ban the sale of cigarettes from the

Enterprise resource planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Enterprise resource planning - Essay Example In the company’s model, the franchisees are provided with the concept of the stores which encompass coffee bars, retail store specialty, cafà © stores, and kiosks among others. The cafà © stores were introduced in 1997 where the menu was expanded to include products such as soups, bakery goods, sandwiches, and salads. These stores were quite distinct from the earlier operational stores due to increased requirements in terms of the space of the floor, equipment, staff, as well as location which was to be outside structures such as malls. Coffee Beanery offers products such as coffee that has been freshly brewed, tea, espresso, as well as specialty drinks. In fact, it has the globe’s highest quality standards in terms of coffee specialty. In addition to the above, the company also sells tea bags, goods that are baked, coffee beans that are gourmeted, soups, fresh salads, sandwiches, coffee machines, and branded mugs. Furthermore, the company also sells franchises relate d to coffee shops. It obtains its revenue and income from the sales of products and equipment to these franchisees (Bloomberg Para 1). The mission, vision and values of the company are geared towards providing the consumers with the best specialty coffee and related products. They illuminate the strategies and values of the company that guide their work, employees and relation to customers. Moreover, they are integral facets of growth and success of the company.

Labor Econ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Labor Econ - Essay Example pecting that women will go out of the labor force during and after pregnancy, bosses are hesitant to give women the best training possible, which can simply be explained by the cost and benefit analysis. The intermittent attendance of women in the labor force would mean less return for the employer for every training and additional knowledge that it has given a female employee. The lack of training on the part of the women explains this difference in wages. Another inevitable result of the intermittent attendance of women to the labor force is their inability to be promoted to higher position as this would mean greater chaos in the office every time the women leave for child-bearing and child-rearing. The popular books on labor economics agree on this very important explanation for the male-female wage difference. With all other determinants equal, the reason why women are still promoted to lower position and still receive lower salaries than men is discrimination. The gender discrimination is not only observed in large countries like the USA but also in small but booming countries such as the Singapore, particularly observed in the form of pre-existing structural differences, sexism and male protecting their success by excluding women from high-paying jobs (Lee). 2. The comparable worth law is defined as â€Å"A theory holding that compensation for job classifications filled chiefly by women should be the same as for those classifications filled chiefly by men if the jobs, albeit dissimilar, are regarded as having equal value. According to this theory, workers salaries should be calculated on a scale of socioeconomic value that transcends traditional supply and demand† (Answers.com). The impetus of the law is to demolish any form of gender discrimination against women. But women having a low salary and coming from a different job than men may not neccesarily be a form of discrimination. What can be seen clearly as discrimination is the unequal pay between

Language & Gender Essay Example for Free

Language Gender Essay

What Extent Did the Existence of the Third Reich Depend on the One Person Adolf Hitler Essay Example for Free

What Extent Did the Existence of the Third Reich Depend on the One Person Adolf Hitler Essay After the First World War, in 1919 Hitler joined the gor strasser)National Socialist German Workers Party (NASPD) as a regular member and with the help of his personal qualities and great speaking skills he was then made its leader in 1921. In 1924 after his release from prison and his written work Mein Kampf his significance within the German politics rose as he attacked the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles and promised a Lebensraum for all the Germans. The Nazi party had anti-Semitic ideas, blaming the state of the country at the time on the Jews, with Hitler orating those thoughts to the public who wanted to have someone to blame for all the problems in Germany. Hitler had such a charisma that people believed whatever he said (Emil Klein, Nazi supporter, 1920s, BBC interview) so he soon became very popular with the population. He also appealed to the majority of the population as he considered racially pure Germans special and the people believed that and connected with him. In 1933 he was appointed the Chancellor of Germany and his ideas were accepted and supported all over the country. Later in 1934, after the death of the German president Paul von Hindenburg of that time, he became the absolute dictator of the Reich. After the First World War, with the approaching world crisis, Germany needed a strong leader to make a radical change. To aid the country, Hitler persuaded rich people to invest into a new kind of Germany, into a military regime with plans to conquer Europe. People’s belief in Hitler soon grew as there was less unemployment after he came to power just as he promised (Adolf Hitler, Appeal to the German People (January 31, 1933), p. 3) and he became the countrys central figure for the people. Hitler had a lot of power and was worshiped by Germany. He gathered thousands for his speeches, everyone wanted to see him and he was very welcomed everywhere in his Reich. He was involved in most decisions including the military ones, even though they were quite often questioned on whether the chances of success were all or nothing. Hitler was a very ambitious leader, and this is what put him in control of the Third Reich he shared the vision with those around him and then had others come up with ways of implementing them. He was infamous for being vague in detail. A good example of this is his meeting with the generals to discuss the future plans of action (Martin Bormanns Minutes of a Meeting at Hitlers Headquarters, (July 16, 1941)). Throughout the five hours of the meeting, there were no clear instructions that came from Hitler, he just outlined the aims and ideas and kept talking about them. From there it can be concluded that despite being the central figure, it wasn’t all completely up to him in the end. The Fuhrer made most of the decisions, especially the biggest ones, by himself and spent days alone waiting for the solution to come to him. However, although Hitler authorised the killings of the Holocaust, it was up to the others how this was to happen. He had trusted men around him, the generals that took over some of the responsibilities. Some of the people who made it all possible for the Third Reich’s existence were: Hermann Goring, who established the Geheime Staatspolizei ; Heinrich Himmler, who was head of the SS and Hitlers right hand, the person responsible for the Holocaust; Otto Eichmann, who is often portrayed as the mastermind, he did the administrative side of things he organised the transport for Jews to the concentration camps; and Paul Joseph Goebbels, who was the Reich’s Minister of Propaganda and was very close to Hitler all along. Those were the people close to Adolf Hitler, whom he in turn organised to do whatever he dictated. Propaganda of Hitler, with Joseph Goebbels in charge, was one of the most important factors that built the whole Third Reich around him. Films, which had political hints in them for the audience were created; films about Adolf Hitler were made like Triumph of the Will, creating the myth about The Munich Putsch, a photo shoot of Hitler in his charismatic poses and other forms of propaganda were in use. It helped the people connect with the leader, gave them hope and certainty for a good future. The popular ideas in the country were also a sort of propaganda. Hitler wanted to have all ethnic Germans together under his rule. It didn’t make people think about the ruthless and cold-hearted actions that were to follow, like the purification of the nation: something that Hitler alluded to in some of his speeches. Also organisations like the Hitler Youth were created to make future soldiers of Germany and to get the new ideas into the children, as that was easier to do with children than with adults. It was important to have the people believe in Hitler, that’s what made him the powerful leader he was for the country. He said that people at war didnt die, that they lived on in the hearts of the whole Germany. People then trusted him and followed him. Having looked at a few most important facts and some evidence, it can be concluded that the existence of the Thirdnce of 3disions entirely by himself. menting it. Reich was totally dependent on one person. Its established that the political, social and economic situations in the country were just perfect for someone with the right ideology, ambitions, and ruthlessness to become its leader. Finally, having the right set of skills, he was able to gather around a dedicated group of followers as ruthless as himself. He persuaded rich imperialists to invest into a bankrupt state with the view to conquer Europe and promises of even more riches for the rich and his propaganda promised ordinary people that they would become the greatest nation in the world.

The Importance Of Relationships

The Importance Of Relationships To better understand the argument of friendships and their potential cause of instability in the hierarchical structure of Confucian thought put forth by Norman Kutcher (2000), I examined three sources discussed in this paper. In his article The Confucian Concept of Man: The Original Formulation, Scott Morton (1971) presents the general idea of Confucian thought and explains the ideas and concept of man. To go into further detail, Donald Blakeleys (2008) Hearts in Agreement: Zhuangzi on Dao Adept Friendship explores friendship in both philosophies and defines friendship according to the Analects giving readers a better understanding of friendship and its role in society. Finally, Arthur W. Hummels (1960) article titled The Art of Social Relations in China emphasizes the importance of relationships in China and society, the role of relationships in ones maturity, emphasizing the importance of friendship on ones road to success once he leaves the family nest. These articles provide add itional insight and understanding the function of friendships in a mans maturity and growth process, emphasizing the need and necessity and importance of friendship, overall providing a bigger and clearer picture of friendship and its potential effects. The Importance of Relationships: Its roles and Responsibilities Upon reading Norman Kutchers (2000) article on friendships titled, The Fifth Relationship: Dangerous Friendships in the Confucian Context, I was left with several questions. In Kutchers (2000) article, friendship was defined and separated from the other relationships because of its uniqueness of its members and nature. He argues that friendship is an unstable relationship that could potentially upset the hierarchy in state and family relations (the other four relationships). However, his argument left me with several questions about the topic. I wanted to be better understand the role of the individual and the concept of man in Confucian thought to see how this related to relationships and human conduct in these relationships. I also wanted to comprehend and firmly grasp the ideas of relationships and friendships, in particular, its definition in Confucian terms. In addition, I also wanted to comprehend, in depth the importance of relationships in the growth and maturity of a man, wh ether friendship was something that was actually needed and required or just something voluntary as Kutcher (2000) argued in his essay. These concerns led me to research on the history of Confucian thought, the concepts and its beliefs on relationships, and the importance and role friendships played on growth and maturity. Through my research, I came across the following three academic sources. The first article is titled The Confucian Concept of Man: the original formulation about the formulation of man and the concept of man in Confucian thought by Scott Morton (1971). Morton begins by introducing the beginning of Chinese philosophy and their interest in the creation of an ethical framework for human conduct. In Chinese philosophy, especially Confucianism, it is difficult to differentiate between philosophy and ethics. The first question that Morton (1971) wants to answer is how Confucius views man. The first concept is that Man is always considered as Man living inside of society. People are individuals, but all individuals live in societies and relationships; these societies, communities, whatever you want to call them exist in a network of duties, obligations, and rights (Morton, 1971). Secondly, there is also a stated hierarchy in Confucian thought as men in society are divided into two groups, the rulers and the ruled. And finally, probably Confucius most notable contribution to Confucian thought, is the idea of Chun Tzu or nobleman. The noble man is born noble and this is shown through his actions. Morton (1971) continues to define moral character and the nobleman. Using translations mainly from Legge and Waley, Morton (1971) suggests six groups of characteristics and moral qualities that are important to the nobleman. The first is his resolution and firmness. The nobleman must be firm and decided. He is proud but not quarrelsome. He does not quit or give up on the right or the good way. The second group of moral characteristics consists of mildness, modesty, and humility. In third place is a well-balanced character. This refers to not only a perfection of delicately balancing all previously mentioned moral characteristics but also refers to his human life and relationship as a whole, reciprocity. What one man does not want done to him, he must not do to others. He knows what to do and when to do it, his style and mannerisms are very important in this balance of moral characteristics. The fourth is faithfulness; the gentleman must be one in whom others can trust. The fifth char acteristic of the gentleman is his ability to admit to fault and imperfections. If he knows his mistake, he can correct it and perfect himself; if a man lacks this characteristic, he will become the inferior man. Finally, the sixth and last moral characteristic is independence. What the Analects mean by this is not his ability to be independent, but his ability to be separate and have general moral qualifications, not a specialist or a tool trained for a specific purpose. The nobleman is one who is fit and able to do anything. According to Morton (1971), the man who is in the relationship must not only follow the rules and obligations of being in a specific relationship, but he must also be a nobleman in all cases. He must have the ability to determine and differentiate between the right and the wrong, and with resolution follow his path down the Good way. Every man has an important role to play, and depending on his situation, he should know the style with which he should perform in each. Though this article does not directly discuss relationships and Confucian thought on friendship, Morton (1971) helps to shed light on the philosophies of Confucian thought, in particular Mortons (1971) analysis on human conduct and the nobleman according to the Analects, and provides significant background information to help better understand the ideas put forth by Kutcher (2000). Mortons (1971) particular analysis and detail about the nobleman adds to Kutchers (2000) argument about friendship because it details the priorities about a man and the way he should act towards his rulers, his family, and his friends. This helps me to analyze the argument because I can better analyze and critique Kutchers (2000) argument. The second article is titled Hearts in Agreemtn: Zhuangzi on Dao Adept Friendship by Donald N. Blakeley (2008). This article by Donald Blakeley (2008) begins with an introduction to friendship in the Daodejing and then continues to compare this thought to the friendship defined in the Analects in Confucian thought. An understanding of friendships and how they are viewed in detail will help us better understand Kutchers (2000) suggestion of friendship and how it connects and plays a role in hierarchy in Confucian China. Blakeley defines friendship (which is taken from the Daodejing) as a relationship where one accepts and recognizes the other and his qualifications; people who are friends often share skills and expertise, and often times similar thoughts and values. Throughout the article, Blakeley (2008) defines friendship and analyzes it from a Daoist perspective. It is not until later in the article that Blakeley observes friendship in the terms of Confucianism and Ren. According to Blakeley (2008), priority resides in cultivating the fullness of a virtuous life as defined by proper understanding of the cultural values of the past (Blakeley 2008, p. 330). A ren person is cultivated and guided by ceremony and rituals, li. This li is then grounded in dao, or the way, of relationships and society which all operate under Heaven. In terms of friendships, the Analects and the Mencius advise that friendships have the following traits. The first is that the relationships must be based on a particular value and similar perspectives. Befriend only the right persons and Cultivate friendship with the good. The second is that friendship requires trust and sincerity, faithfulness and honesty. Good friends are ones that are devoted to virtuous living, exemp lary persons or sages. The third characteristic is that friendships must work and embrace the wider contexts of human existence (such as family, political, government, ruler-ruled settings). This relationship must work within the grand matrix of the world. The fourth is that friendships are voluntary. The fifth is that friendships are equal (otherwise, it would belong with another of the five relationships). The sixth characteristic of friendships is that they are based on mutual respect and reciprocity, which also falls within the action and behavior of the nobleman in the aforementioned article by Morton (1971). Finally, friendship is conditional. This is a relationship meant to enhance all other human relations and roles. If a friendship mistakenly affects your ability to perform your duties and obligations in another relationship, this would not be a good friendship and should be ended. Blakeley (2008) explores friendships in Chinese philosophy beginning with the Zhuangzi and then comparing that to the Analects. Through this analysis, we are able to better understand the context of friendship and how it is defined in the books and the philosophies of Confucius and other Chinese thought. By gaining an improved grasp on friendships in this context, will be able to have a more encompassing evaluation of Kutchers (2000) argument. The finally article that will be taken into consideration upon evaluation of Kutchers (2000) article is Artuher W. Hummels (1960) titled The Art of Social Relations in China. The Chinese believed that life was about relationships, and how one managed those relationships would determine his success in society. There were a total of five relationships: the relationship of the ruler and the ruled, the father and son, the elder and younger brothers, husband and wife, and friend and friend. In every relationship, there are obligations and duties, there are also right and privileges granted by one or the other in that relationship. Hummel (1960) then begins to discuss and introduce Mencius and Confucius philosophy on man and their natural goodness. Through this goodness is virtue, and the gentleman is one who is able to share and give virtue and goodness to all. Hummel (1960) then also discusses the Confucian gentleman. The Confucian gentleman is one who has manners and is style and proper ; he knows the situation and understands the accurate manners and performance in each. Human conduct, thus, became a large part of Confucian thought and consequently, Chinese thought. In his article Hummel (1960) states that is a mistake to think of Confucian ethics as a code, rule, or law. Instead, they are mere suggestions and persuasions, techniques used and highly prized in the Confucian world. Suggestion is the power to share and allow others to discover ideas almost by themselves. The gentleman and the loved man is one who is humble and large-minded. It is the ability to overlook small failings and care about the more important things and more significant things; it is the ability to differentiate between the small and the large things in life. In this article, we are given a bigger and greater practical view on how relationships are managed and should be managed according to Confucian thought. Friendships, specifically, should be looked at to help develop and cultivate virtue. According to Hummel (1960), one must be able to relate to those with virtue, and be able to maintain friendships throughout ones life. It is important to surround yourself with those who are better able to help you in the case of something happening. The Chinese place great importance on friendships because it is through friendships that one is better able to advance. The man who grows up and becomes a self-made man will be a lonely man; in the event of some unfortunate events, he will still be alone, with no one to help him along the way. Understanding friendships through Hummels (1960) analysis helps better evaluate Kutchers (2000) assumptions about friendship and the importance and need of friendship in a persons maturity, according to Confucian thought. This idea complements Blakeleys (2008) analysis of friendship based on Confucian texts such as the Analects. Blakeleys more detailed analysis on friendship thus helps us better understand friendship and its roles in society and to the individual in their maturity and growth. Finally, both of these contribute to a better understanding of Confucian thought presented by Morton (1971). Mortons (1971) presentation on Confucian thought and values, along with Blakeleys detailed analysis of friendship based on Confucian texts, together with the concept that relationships are the most important aspect according to Confucian thought allows us to grasp and better evaluate Kutchers (2000) argument on friendship and its role and effects in society and its members.

Charles Manson: Serial Murderer and Cult Figure :: Charlie Manson Family

Charles Manson: Serial Murderer and Cult Figure Charles Manson is known as one of the most sinister and evil criminals of all time. He organized the murders that shocked the world and his name still strikes fear into American hearts. Manson's childhood, personality, and uncanny ability to control people led to the creation of a family-like cult and ultimately to the bloody murders of numerous innocent people. Charles M. Manson was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on November 11, 1934. His mother, Kathleen Maddox, was a teenage prostitute. Manson's father walked out on the still pregnant Maddox, never to be seen again. In order to give her bastard son a name, Ms. Maddox married William Manson. He soon abandoned the both of them. Manson's mother often neglected Charles after her husband left her. She tried to put him into a foster home, but the arrangements fell through. As a last resort she sent Charles to school in Terre Haute, Indiana. Mrs. Manson failed to make the payments for the school and once again Charles was sent back to his mother's abuse. At only fourteen, Manson left his mother and rented a room for himself. He supported himself with odd jobs and petty theft. His mother turned him into the juvenile authorities, who had him sent to "Boys Town," a juvenile detention center, near Omaha, Nebraska. Charles spent a total of three days in "Boys Town" before running away. He was arrested in Peoria, Illinois for robbing a grocery store and was then sent to the Indiana Boys School in Plainfield, Indiana, where he ran away another eighteen times before he was caught and sent to the National Training School for Boys in Washington D.C. Manson never had a place to call "home" or a real family. He spent his childhood being sent from one place to another, and trouble always seemed to follow him. His mother's negligence left Manson without a home and without much of a future. Manson turned to crime to support himself, and he soon became very good at it. When just a child, he became a criminal and spent his last years of childhood in a correctional facility. After his release from the training school in 1954, a new period of Manson's life began. He went to West Virginia and soon married a girl named Rosalie Jean Willis. She became pregnant and Manson had a child. This was Manson's first real family, but he

Sigmund Freud Essay -- Freud Psychologist Biography Essays

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was the first major social scientist to propose a unified theory to understand and explain human behavior. No theory that has followed has been more complete, more complex, or more controversial. Some psychologists treat Freud's writings as a sacred text - if Freud said it, it must be true. On the other hand, many have accused Freud of being unscientific, proposing theories that are too complex ever to be proved true or false. He revolutionized ideas on how the human mind works and the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior. â€Å"He applied himself to a new field of study†¦and struggled with an environment whose rejection of his work endangered his livelihood and that of his family† (Freud 3). His work greatly improved the fields of psychiatry and psychology and helped millions of mentally ill patients. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia, a region now in the Czech Republic. His father was a wool merchant and was forty when he had Sigmund, the oldest of eight children (Gay 78). When Freud turned four, his family moved to Vienna, Austria. After graduating from the Spree Gymnasium, Freud was inspired by an essay written by Goethe on nature, to make medicine as his career. After graduating from the medical school of the University of Vienna in 1881, Freud decided to specialize in neurology, the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system (Gay 79). In 1885, Freud went to Paris to study under Jean Martin Charcot, a famous neurologist. Charcot was working with patients who suffered from a mental illness called hysteria. Some of these people appeared to be blind or paralyzed, but they actually had no physical defects. Charcot found that their physical symptoms could be relieved through hypnosis (Garcia 209). Freud returned to Vienna in 1886 and began to work extensively with hysterical patients. While discussing the case history of one patient, Freud said, â€Å"In the study of hysteria, local diagnosis and electrical reactions do not come into picture, while an exhaustive account of mental processes, of the kind we were accustomed to having from imaginative writers, enables me, by the application of a few psychological formulas, to obtain a kind of insight into the origin of a hysteria† (Freud 15). He gradually formed ideas about the origin and treatment of mental illness. He used t... ...ia 119).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the 1970's, many scholars and mental health professionals have questioned some of Freud's theories. Feminists attacked Freud because he seemed to believe that in some respects women were inferior to men. For example, he thought that women had weaker superegos than men and were driven by envy. He also thought that women had penis envy and were jealous of men. Other people challenged the theory that patients' memories of early sexual abuse reflected fantasies rather than actual experiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a result of such criticism, most scholars and psychoanalysts now take a more balanced approach to Freud's theories. They use the ideas and techniques from Freud that they find most useful without strictly following all of his teachings. No one, however, disputes Freud's enormous influence. Works Cited Clark, David. What Freud Really Said. Scholden, N.Y: 1995. Freud, Sigmund. The Origin & Development of Psychoanalysis. Henry Regnay, Indiana Press, N.Y: 1965. Garcia, Emanuel. Understanding Freud. NYU Press, N.Y: 1992. Gay, Peter. Freud, A Life Of Our Time. W.W. Norton, N.Y: 1988. Macionis, John. Society: The Basics. Prentice-Hall, N.J: 2000.

Methods of Business Research Essay -- Business and Management Studies

Methods of Business Research According to the American Marketing Association, marketing research is the systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data about problems relating to the marketing of goods and services. Marketing research is not a perfect science. It deals with people and their constantly changing feelings and behaviors, which are influenced by countless subjective factors. To conduct marketing research you must gather facts and opinions in an orderly, objective way to find out what people want to buy, not just what you want to sell them. It is impossible to sell products or services that customers do not want. Learning what customers want, and how to present it attractively, drives the need for marketing research. Small business has an edge over larger concerns in this regard. Large businesses must hire experts to study the mass market, while small-scale entrepreneurs are close to their customers and can learn much more quickly about their buying habits. Small business owners have a sense their customers' needs from years of experience, but this informal information may not be timely or relevant to the current market. Marketing research focuses and organizes marketing information. It ensures that such information is timely and permits entrepreneurs to reduce business risks, Spot current and upcoming problems in the current market, identify sales opportunities and develop plans of action. Business research is essential because it involves statistical information about the external and internal environment of the company. This information is required while planning strategically, setting objectives and determining the competitive advantage of the company or the product. Studies based on morale, employee opinions, absenteeism and the management of people provide valuable insights into the prevailing conditions of employee management relations and tend to strengthen and improve levels of productivity and growth by fostering efficiency and effectiveness as well as competitiveness. Research on financial matters can guide the company with respect to financial issues and problems as well as opportunities. This research can lead to financial prosperity. While research is used widely to study markets and their opportunities, research is also used to study the company’s production and marketing operations. ... ...text of marketing plans. Since the business has to carry out strategic planning with reference to a company and its functions a separate specialized R&D department should be made. The reason is that research provides information on the external and internal environments of the company, on the development of a competitive edge, goals and performance measuring controls. The information collected may not be interpreted in the same way, which may lead to chaos and confusion and accurate and appropriate decisions may not be made. An un-integrated department for R&D would mean the employment of research specialists who have the expertise to collect accurate information, provide information about different opportunities and interpret it accurately. Researchers need to be well equipped with data collection, measurement and analysis tools to make the best possible use of the information gathered. There fore, in larger businesses, it is almost essential for company to have a separate well equipped research department to deal with large amounts of data in an effective manner in order to maintain the focus of strategic development on the different functions of the organizaiton

Similarities and Dissimilarities Between Shelley and Keats

Similarities and dissimilarities Though P. B. Shelley and John Keats were mutual friends, but they have possessed the diversified qualities in their creativity. These two are the great contributors of English Literature, though their lifecycle were very short. Their comparison are also little with each other, while each are very much similar in thoughts, imagination, creation and also their lifetime. 01)  Attitude towards the Nature P. B. Shelley: Whereas older Romantic poets looked at nature as a realm of communion with pure existence and with a truth preceding human experience, the later Romantics looked at nature primarily as a realm of overwhelming beauty and aesthetic pleasure. While Wordsworth and Coleridge often write about nature in itself, Shelley tends to invoke nature as a sort of supreme metaphor for beauty, creativity, and expression. This means that most of Shelley's poems about art rely on metaphors of nature as their means of expression: the West Wind in â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† becomes a symbol of the poetic faculty spreading Shelley's words like leaves among mankind, and the skylark in â€Å"To a Skylark† becomes a symbol of the purest, most joyful, and most inspired creative impulse. The skylark is not a bird, it is a â€Å"poet hidden. † John Keats: Keats’s sentiment of Nature is simpler than that of other romantics. He remains absolutely influenced by the Pantheism of Wordsworth and P. B. Shelley. It was his instinct to love and interpret Nature more for her own sake, and less for the sake of the sympathy which the human mind can read into her with its own workings and aspirations. Keats is the poet of senses, and he loves Nature because of her sensual appeal, her appeal to the sense of sight, the sense of hearing, the sense of smell, the sense of touch. Both men were great lovers of nature, and an abundance of their poetry is filled with  nature  and the mysterious magnificence it holds. Their attitudes towards the Nature are slightly difference. P. B. Shelley treats the natural bjects as the supreme elements of inspiring him. Natural elements are successfully glorified by Shelley. He worships Nature and wants some of power from nature to enrich his poetical power to transmit his message to the people in this older world. On the other hand Keats treats nature as an observer, as a traveler. He finds interest to appreciate the physical beauty of Nature. Both writers happene d to compose poems concerning autumn in the year of 1819, and although the two pieces contain similar traits of the Romantic period, they differ from each other in several ways as well. Keats' poem â€Å"To Autumn† and Shelley's poem â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† both contain potent and  vivacious  words about the season and both include similar metaphors involving autumn. However, the feelings each writer express in their pieces vary greatly from each other, and Keats and Shelley address nature in their poems with  different  intentions as well. Shelley and Keats  exhibit  their genius for rich energized word use within these two poems wonderfully. Also, interesting similarities between the two pieces are some of the metaphors the poets  implement. Hair  is a subject both writers explored as ametaphor  for nature. Shelley, in â€Å"Ode to the West Wind,† claims the wind is â€Å"like the bright hair uplifted from the head/ Of some fierce  Maenad,† while Keats views autumn as â€Å"sitting careless on a granary  floor,/ Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind. † Hair, often used in poetry metaphorically, tends to symbolize feminine beauty and strength; in this case, both poets make use of thesubject  of hair when describing certain aspects of nature. The speakers in these two poems also express their thoughts on theportent  of the coming spring. In the final couplet of Shelley's poem, the speaker asks, â€Å"Oh wind,/ if Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? † The speaker in Keats' poem inquires, â€Å"Where are the songs of spring? Ay, where are they? † Both poets look upon autumn as an  indication  of the coming season which is opposite of autumn. The subjects of seeds and budding plants are also touched upon within the two pieces. Autumn is when, as Shelley writes, â€Å"the winged seeds† are placed in their â€Å"dark wintry bed† and â€Å"lie cold and low. And Keats writes that autumn is the time when the hazel shells are â€Å"plump  with a sweet  kernel; to set budding more. † These similarities between the two pieces are interesting; however there are many differences in the poems as well. Keats and Shelley express different emotions about the fallseason. Shelley looks at autumn as being wild and fierce while Keats has a more gentle view of the season. Shelley perceives a utumn as an annual death, calling it â€Å"Thou  dirge/Of the dying year,† and he uses words such as â€Å"corpse† and  sepulchre† in the poem. He also employs words such as â€Å"hectic† and â€Å"tameless†, and looks upon the autumn horizon as being â€Å"the locks of the approaching  storm. † Also, he claims the autumn winds are where â€Å"black rain and fire and hail will  burst. † Lines such as this reveal the speaker's attitude that autumn is a ferocious and reckless season bearing  morbid  portence of the coming winter. On the other hand, Keats fills his poem with lighter words such as â€Å"mellow,† â€Å"sweet,† â€Å"patient,† and â€Å"soft. The speaker of this poem looks out upon the landscape and hears the â€Å"full-grown lambs loudbleat  from hilly bourn,† and listens as the â€Å"gathering swallows twitter in the skies. † These lines indicate a much softer and moreamiable  emotion felt by the speaker; sentiments quite opposite to those felt in â€Å"Ode to the West Wind. † Another great difference in these poems is the intenti ons of the poets themselves. Shelley, in his thirst for being known, wants to attain power like the wind has. He asks of the wind, â€Å"Be thou, Spirit  fierce,/ My spirit! Be thou me,  impetuous  one! He pleads for it to move his thoughts â€Å"over the universe/ Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth,† and to â€Å"scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth/ Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind. † Shelley's more  ambitiousapproach to the weather differs from Keats, who merely enjoys the season for what it holds and asks nothing from it. Keats thoroughly enjoys the â€Å"stubble-plains with rosy hue,† and listening as â€Å"the red-breast whistles from a garden-croft. † Although both writers examine the autumn season, each express different intentions in the poems they have written. Shelley's â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† and Keats' â€Å"To Autumn† have striking similarities when it comes to their rich metaphors; however, the poems differ in almost every other sense. Shelley holds a much more  savagenotion about the season, while Keats looks upon autumn as being soft and  gentle. Shelley's ambitions are expressed in his piece, while Keats only reflects the beauty of what he sees. Both writers display their own unique talent as poets,  deserving  their titles as being two of the greatest Romantic writers of the period. 02)  Imagination Imagination is one of the striking characteristics of Romantic Poets. P. B. Shelley's poem â€Å"To a Skylark† and John Keats's poem â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† are both centered on nature in the form of birds. Both poems are classified as Romantic and have certain poetic elements in common, but in addition both poems have differences in style and in theme that differentiate them clearly. Both poets are spurred to react and to write because of their encounter with a bird. Shelley is addressing the bird that excites his interest more directly, while Keats turns to reverie because of the song of the nightingale more than the nightingale itself. In the latter case, the song of the poet has a different tone from the song of the bird–the joy of the bird becomes a contemplative song for the poet. Each poet begins with the reality of the bird or its song and then uses that as a beginning point for aesthetic and philosophic speculation. P. B. Shelley: If the West Wind was Shelley's first convincing attempt to articulate an aesthetic philosophy through metaphors of nature, the skylark is his greatest natural metaphor for pure poetic expression, the â€Å"harmonious madness† of pure inspiration. The skylark's song issues from a state of purified existence, a Wordsworthian notion of complete unity with Heaven through nature; its song is motivated by the joy of that uncomplicated purity of being, and is unmixed with any hint of melancholy or of the bittersweet, as human joy so often is. The skylark's unimpeded song rains down upon the world, surpassing every other beauty, inspiring metaphor and making the speaker believe that the bird is not a mortal bird at all, but a â€Å"Spirit,† a â€Å"sprite,† a â€Å"poet hidden / In the light of thought. â€Å" In that sense, the skylark is almost an exact twin of the bird in Keats's â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†; both represent pure expression through their songs, and like the skylark, the nightingale â€Å"wast not born for death. † But while the nightingale is a bird of darkness, invisible in the shadowy forest glades, the skylark is a bird of daylight, invisible in the deep bright blue of the sky. The nightingale inspires Keats to feel â€Å"a drowsy numbness† of happiness that is also like pain, and that makes him think of death; the skylark inspires Shelley to feel a frantic, rapturous joy that has no part of pain. To Keats, human joy and sadness are inextricably linked, as he explains at length in the final stanza of the â€Å"Ode on Melancholy. † But the skylark sings free of all human error and complexity, and while listening to his song, the poet feels free of those things, too. Structurally and linguistically, this poem is almost unique among Shelley's works; its strange form of stanza, with four compact lines and one very long line, and its lilting, songlike diction (â€Å"profuse strains of unpremeditated art†) work to create the effect of spontaneous poetic expression flowing musically and naturally from the poet's mind. Structurally, each stanza tends to make a single, quick point about the skylark, or to look at it in a sudden, brief new light; still, the poem does flow, and gradually advances the mini-narrative of the speaker watching the skylark flying higher and higher into the sky, and envying its untrammeled inspiration–which, if he were to capture it in words, would cause the world to listen. John Keats: With â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale,† Keats's speaker begins his fullest and deepest exploration of the themes of creative expression and the mortality of human life. In this ode, the transience of life and the tragedy of old age (â€Å"where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs, / Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies†) is set against the eternal renewal of the nightingale's fluid music (â€Å"Thou wast not born for death, immortal bird! â€Å"). The speaker reprises the â€Å"drowsy numbness† he experienced in â€Å"Ode on Indolence,† but where in â€Å"Indolence† that numbness was a sign of disconnection from experience, in â€Å"Nightingale† it is a sign of too full a connection: â€Å"being too happy in thine happiness,† as the speaker tells the nightingale. Hearing the song of the nightingale, the speaker longs to flee the human world and join the bird. His first thought is to reach the bird's state through alcohol–in the second stanza, he longs for a â€Å"draught of vintage† to transport him out of himself. But after his meditation in the third stanza on the transience of life, he rejects the idea of being â€Å"charioted by Bacchus and his pards† (Bacchus was the Roman god of wine and was supposed to have been carried by a chariot pulled by leopards) and chooses instead to embrace, for the first time since he refused to follow the figures in â€Å"Indolence,† â€Å"the viewless wings of Poesy. The rapture of poetic inspiration matches the endless creative rapture of the nightingale's music and lets the speaker, in stanzas five through seven, imagine himself with the bird in the darkened forest. The ecstatic music even encourages the speaker to embrace the idea of dying, of painlessly succumbing to death w hile enraptured by the nightingale's music and never experiencing any further pain or disappointment. But when his meditation causes him to utter the word â€Å"forlorn,† he comes back to himself, recognizing his fancy for what it is–an imagined escape from the inescapable (â€Å"Adieu! he fancy cannot cheat so well / As she is fam'd to do, deceiving elf†). As the nightingale flies away, the intensity of the speaker's experience has left him shaken, unable to remember whether he is awake or asleep. In â€Å"Indolence,† the speaker rejected all artistic effort. In â€Å"Psyche,† he was willing to embrace the creative imagination, but only for its own internal pleasures. But in the nightingale's song, he finds a form of outward expression that translates the work of the imagination into the outside world, and this is the discovery that compels him to embrace Poesy's â€Å"viewless wings† at last. The â€Å"art† of the nightingale is endlessly changeable and renewable; it is music without record, existing only in a perpetual present. As befits his celebration of music, the speaker's language, sensually rich though it is, serves to suppress the sense of sight in favor of the other senses. He can imagine the light of the moon, â€Å"But here there is no light†; he knows he is surrounded by flowers, but he â€Å"cannot see what flowers† are at his feet. This suppression will find its match in â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn,† which is in many ways a companion poem to â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale. In the later poem, the speaker will finally confront a created art-object not subject to any of the limitations of time; in â€Å"Nightingale,† he has achieved creative expression and has placed his faith in it, but that expression–the nightingale's song–is spontaneous and without physical manifestation. 03)  Idealism Idealism is the very much common characteristics especially in second generation Romantic Poets. Romantic idealism favored this hermeneutic and phenomenological outlook on life. At this juncture, we want here to address and emphasize the question of the poem’s inspiration by the natural phenomenon, the luminous star. P. B. Shelley: Among the great Romantics whose poetry, in the early nineteenth century, forms one of the most glorious chapters in the whole of English Literature, no one perhaps was inspired by a purer and loftier idealism than P. B. Shelley. Shelley’s is divided by three sub categories:  · Revolutionary Idealism  · Religious Idealism  · Erotic Idealism â€Å"Penetrates and clasps and fills the world† —Epipsychidion â€Å"That Beauty in which all things work and move† —Adonais John Keats: â€Å"The hush of natural objects opens quite To the core: and every secret essence there Reveals the elements of good and fair Making him see, where Learning hath no light. † With regard to Romantic idealism, there are undoubtedly elements here that show Keats’s enthusiasm for nature. Even if Keats’s conception of nature has affinities with spirituality as discerned in the works of Romantics like William Wordsworth (1770–1850), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834) and Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822), the intention of this write-up is not primarily the fullness of spiritual experience in nature. Nature plays a vital role in the understanding of his aesthetic ambitions and achievements. Though there are a number of characteristic features in Keats’s poetry which affiliate with Coleridge and Wordsworth, his nature-consciousness will be seen to take a slightly different turn. Keats’s poetry and prose show proof of certain monistic traits common in the two elder poets, justifying the assertion that he can be discussed within the mainstream of Romantic idealism with regard to nature, even if he does not handle the matter in a like manner. It can be argued equally that his poetry lends credence to apprehend nature from an organics viewpoint. Yet, his eco-poetics, as we intend to analyze, does not place priority on the visionary and transcendental and, therefore, the dominant spiritual dimension of nature is not like that of his elder colleagues, for it tends to reduce nature primarily within the confines of his aesthetic quest rather than brood over it fundamentally as a universal force or the basis of his spiritual longings. 04)  Revolution M. H. Abrams wrote, â€Å"The Romantic period was eminently an age obsessed with fact of violent change†. Especially the second generations Romantic Poets are the pioneer to revolt against society, religion and state. P. B. Shelley: Shelley resembles Byron in his thorough-going revolt against society, but he is totally unlike Byron in several important respects. His first impulse was an unselfish love for his fellow-men, with an aggressive eagerness for martyrdom in their behalf; his nature was unusually, even abnormally, fine and sensitive; and his poetic quality was a delicate and ethereal lyricism unsurpassed in the literature of the world. In both his life and his poetry his visionary reforming zeal and his superb lyric instinct are inextricably intertwined. Shelley was the most politically active of the Romantic poets. While attempting to instigate reform in Ireland in 1812-13, he wrote to William Godwin, author of Political Justice. (Note also Godwin's connections with Wordsworth and Coleridge. ) Shelley's pure idealism led him to take extreme positions, which hurt the feasibility of his attempts at reform. By 1816 he had mostly given up these politics in favor of the study and writing of poetry; his Queen Mab later became popular among the Chartists. The longest-lasting effects of his extreme views were the fact that he met and eloped with William Godwin's brilliant daughter Mary, abandoned his wife, and was eventually forced to leave England. Even far away in Italy, however, he was incensed by the Peterloo massacre and wrote The Mask of Anarchy in response to it. He also turned into an attack on George IV his translation of Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus; or Swellfoot the Tyrant. John Keats: Keats was neither rebel nor Utopian dreamer. As the modern seemed to him to be hard, cold, and prosaic, he habitually sought an imaginative escape from it. Not like Shelley into the future land of promise, but into the past of Greek mythology, as in Endymion, Lamia, and the fragmentary Hyperion. 5)  Symbolism P. B. Shelley: Shelley uses symbolism successfully in his famous sonnet Ozymandias. Nothing, in this world is immortal. Even things that are cast in stone, can be one day undone; that things may fall and crumble there; forgotten one by one. It has been said time after time for as long as most anyone can recall, a small saying that says nothing is cast in stone. This poem is just another example that unlike something cast in stone, nature will always conquer over all despite the way that mankind may think. The poet Percy Bysshe Shelley tells us the same thing in the poem ‘Ozymandias' through both exquisite wording and beautiful imagery. The poem is a genius work about strength and the fall of false greatness, told from the eyes of a traveler who encounters an elderly stranger. In the poem the stranger tells him about the fall of a great kingdom that had thought itself unbeatable by even time. The author uses the image of a statue as a symbol for this kingdom. The image of a broken stone man, which has been beaten down by nature and time plays as an example for many things. The reader learned throughout the poem that not only did time and nature beat this great kingdom, but also they themselves did it during their struggle to be great. The image of two trunkless legs still planted and slowly being covered by the sand is, in a way, exposing how mankind thinks. Men often believe they are unstoppable even by nature and time, often comparing the elements to other men, believing that the best surpasses even their power. In another line the writer refers to the face of the statue, left fallen in the sand, its lips curled in a look of cold and cruel command. This is a play on the way that mankind is by nature. Mankind is a race that spends all it's time rushing about, using commands and war to strive for survival. It is a common belief that he who is strongest will outlive them all. In this poem the writer shows that this is almost always outlived. Weather they are beaten by time, the elements, or themselves, the strongest kingdom will always crumble. The words written on the statues base are said in a beautiful passionate queue, â€Å"My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! In this passage the writer says that the sculptor of this piece knew all to well, that even the strongest army will fall with time, look and despair that man is not eternal. The sculptor leaves a morbid example to all who would wander upon his works to look around and see what has become of greatness. It is, in a way, telling the reader that greatness is short lived, and that nothing is forever. The last lines are a beautiful expression of the fallen city, which lie in the sand about the pieces of the broken statue. Crumbled and dead, the sands stretch on still, holding the vast proof that forever is not so long a time in the eyes of the world and that life will continue on even after the walls have crumbled. It is this poem that sets a perfect example that mankind does not give credit to the strength that comes with time and the forces of nature, and will often put so much time into becoming the best and most powerful that they lose sight on life, becoming nothing more than a fallen king. Perhaps the writer hoped to express a greater understanding of the tragedy of greatness, or even express the value of life over the conquest of power. John Keats: In ‘Ode to a Nightingale’ one can discern the consciousness of the use of nature, symbolized in the bird and its melodious song, not only for poetic composition, but also for advancing the poet’s philosophical speculations. Both bird and song represent natural beauty, the poetic expression of the non-verbal song signaling the harmony of nature. Apart from the ecstasy that the bird’s song generates, the unseen but vivid pictorial description of the surrounding landscape adds to the bliss and serenity of the atmosphere: I cannot see what flowers are at my feet, Nor what soft incense hangs upon the bough, But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet Wherewith the seasonable month endows The grass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree wild; White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine; Fast fading violets cover’d up in leaves; And mid-May’s eldest child, The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine, The murmurous haunt of lies on summer eves. (Stanza V, L. 41 – 50) These lines express the splendor of spring while foreshadowing the approach of summer, which will have its own store of nature beauty and luxury. As earlier said, nature here seems to be a springboard for intense speculations in the face of the impermanence and mutability of life which strongly preoccupies the poet. To put it in other words, the song seems to engender a phenomenological process of self-transformation or a psychological metamorphosis that enhances a deep desire for the eternal and unalterable through death. Yet the poet submits to a stoical fortitude, apparently emphasizing the material and sensuous realm of existence rather than the struggle to maintain a permanent and idealistic state. This has often been problematical as imaginative failure, or as a characteristic Keatsian trademark of ambivalence between reality and imaginative illusion. 06)  Melancholy Second generations Romantic Poets were Melancholic according to the bad effect of French Revolution. Their desires did not come true and their endeavor to the Ideal world remained in their dream. So they were very much frustrated and possessed agony to the real world order. P. B. Shelley: He is one of the greatest, successful Melancholic in his age. It is this unsatisfied desire, this almost painful yearning with its recurring disappointment and disillusionment, which is at the root of Shelley’s melancholy. His most famous and powerful lines, reveals the melancholy, are in Ode to the West Wind: Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud. His melancholy is thus vital to his poetry. It may be said that his music is the product of his genius and his melancholy. His melancholy is what the world seems to like best as: â€Å"Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thoughts. † John Keats: In the poem â€Å"Ode on Melancholy,† Keats takes a sinister look at the human condition. The idea that all human pleasures are susceptible to pain, or do inevitably lead to pain, is a disturbing thought. Keats comments on the miserable power of melancholy, especially how it thrives on what is beatiful and desirable and turns it into its opposite. She dwells with Beauty — Beauty that must die; And joy, whose hand is ever at his lips Bidding adeiu; and aching Pleasure nigh, Turning to poison while the bee-mouth sips: Ay, in the very temple of Delight Veil'd Melancholy has her sovran shrine, Though seen of none save him whose strenuous tongue Can burst Joy's grape against his palate fine; His soul shall taste the sadness of her might, And be among her cloudy trophies hung. (ll. 21-30) In this passage, there seems to be an emphasis on lost hope. There seems to be this idea that true happiness is either ephemeral or unreachable. For example, Keats writes above about â€Å"Joy†¦ Bidding adeui† and Pleasure Turning to poison. Keats seems to be saying that happiness is a temptation which people are tragically prone to dream about, an illusion upon which is unrealistic. 07)  Hellenism & Platonism From the Renaissance to the nineteenth century Greece was a primary object of myth-makers' attentions, its history as well as its mythology fodder for the imagination. These two poets were deeply influenced by the Greek literature. Shelley wrote ‘Hellas’, which is the ancient name of Greece. Keats was also influenced by Hellenism, while P. B. Shelley was influenced by Platonism. John Keats: Shelley expressed the opinion that â€Å"Keats was a Greek†. Indeed, Keats was unmistakably a representative of Greek thought, in a sense in which Wordsworth and Coleridge and even Shelley were not. The Greek spirit came to Keats through literature, through sculpture, and through an innate tendency, and it is under Hellenic influence as a rule that he gives of his best. Keats has â€Å"contrived to talk about the gods much as they might have been supposed to speak†. The world of Greek paganism lives again in his verse, with all its frank sensuousness and joy of life, and with all its mysticism. Keats looks back and lives again in the time: When holy were the haunted forest boughs, Holy the air, the water, and the fire. —Ode to Psyche P. B. Shelley: Shelley's Platonic leanings are well known. Plato thought that the supreme power in the universe was the Spirit of beauty. Shelley borrowed this conception from Plato and developed it in his metaphysical poem: Hymn to Intellectual Beauty. Intellectual Beauty is omni potent and man must worship it. The favorite Greek conceit of pre-existence in many earlier lives may frequently be found in other poems besides the â€Å"Prometheus Unbound† quoted in part II of our series. The last stanza of â€Å"†The Cloud,† is Shelly's Platonic symbol of human life: I am the daughter of earth and water And the nursling of the sky I pass through the pores of the ocean and shores I change, but I cannot die. For after the rain when with never a stain The pavilion of heaven is bare And the winds and sunbeams with their convex gleams Build up the blue dome of air I silently laugh at my own cenotaph And out of the caverns of rain Like a child from the womb, like a ghost from the tomb, I arise and unbuild it again. 08)  Love & Beauty John Keats: Keats is called the poet of beauty or some critics address him as ‘the worshiper of beauty’. Keats’s notion of beauty and truth is highly inclusive. That is, it blends all life’s experiences or apprehensions, negative or positive, into a holistic vision. Art and nature, therefore, are seen as therapeutic in function. Keats was considerably influenced by Spenser and was, like the latter, a passionate lover of beauty in all its forms and manifestation. This passion for beauty constitutes his aestheticism. Beauty, indeed, was his pole-star, beauty in Nature, in woman, and in art. He writes and defines beauty: â€Å"A think of beauty is joy for ever† In John Keats, we have a remarkable contrast both with Byron and Shelley. He knows nothing of Byron’s stormy spirit of antagonism to the existing order of things and he had no sympathy with Shelley’s humanitarian real and passion for reforming the world. But Keats likes and worships beauty. In his Ode on a Grecian Urn, he expresses some powerful lines about his thoughts of beauty. This ode contains the most discussed two lines in all of Keats's poetry: â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty,† – that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. † The exact meaning of those lines is disputed by everyone; no less a critic than TS Eliot considered them a blight upon an otherwise beautiful poem. Scholars have been unable to agree to whom the last thirteen lines of the poem are addressed. Arguments can be made for any of the four most obvious possibilities, -poet to reader, urn to reader, poet to urn, poet to figures on the urn. The issue is further confused by the change in quotation marks between the original manuscript copy of the ode and the 1820 published edition. P. B. Shelley: Shelley expresses love as one of the God-like phenomena in human life and beauty is the intellectual beauty to him. We find the clear idea of Shelley’s love and beauty through Hymn to the Intellectual Beauty. The poem's process is doubly figurative or associative, in that, once the poet abstracts the metaphor of the Spirit from the particulars of natural beauty, he then explains the workings of this Spirit by comparing it back to the very particulars of natural beauty from which it was abstracted in the first place: â€Å"Thy light alone, like mist o'er mountains driven†; â€Å"Love, Hope, and Self-esteem, like clouds depart†¦ This is an inspired technique, for it enables Shelley to illustrate the stunning experience of natural beauty time and again as the poem progresses, but to push the particulars into the background, so that the focus of the poem is always on the Spirit, the abstract intellectual ideal that the speaker claims to serve. Of course Shelley's athe ism is a famous part of his philosophical stance, so it may seem strange that he has written a hymn of any kind. He addresses that strangeness in the third stanza, when he declares that names such as â€Å"Demon, Ghost, and Heaven† are merely the record of attempts by sages to explain the effect of the Spirit of Beauty–but that the effect has never been explained by any â€Å"voice from some sublimer world. † The Spirit of Beauty that the poet worships is not supernatural; it is a part of the world. It is not an independent entity; it is a responsive capability within the poet's own mind. If the â€Å"Hymn to Intellectual Beauty† is not among Shelley's very greatest poems, it is only because its project falls short of the poet's extraordinary powers; simply drawing the abstract ideal of his own experience of beauty and declaring his fidelity to that ideal seems too simple a task for Shelley. His most important statements on natural beauty and on aesthetics will take into account a more complicated idea of his own connection to nature as an expressive artist and a poet, as we shall see in â€Å"To a Skylark† and â€Å"Ode to the West Wind. Nevertheless, the â€Å"Hymn† remains an important poem from the early period of Shelley's maturity. It shows him working to incorporate Wordsworthian ideas of nature, in some ways the most important theme of early Romanticism, into his own poetic project, and, by connecting his idea of beauty to his idea of human religion, making that theme explicitly his own. 09) Diction One of the most distinct attributes of the  Romantic  writers  Percy Bysshe Shelley  and  John Keats  is their gift of using both  lush  and tactile words within their poetry. P. B. Shelley: Shelley uses terza rima in his Ode to the West Wind. Terza rima utilizes three-line stanzas, which combine iambic meter with a propulsive rhyme scheme. Within each stanza, the first and third lines rhyme, the middle line having a different end sound; the end sound of this middle line then rhymes with the first and third lines of the next stanza. The rhyme scheme thus runs aba bcb cdc ded efe, and so forth. Shelley's â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† (1820) instances one of the finest uses of terza rima in an English-language poem: O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being, Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou, Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed Each of the seven long stanzas of the â€Å"Hymn to Intellectual Beauty† follows the same, highly regular scheme. Each line has an iambic rhythm; the first four lines of each stanza are written in pentameter, the fifth line in hexameter, the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh lines in tetrameter, and the twelfth line in pentameter. (The syllable pattern for each stanza, then, is 555564444445. Each stanza is rhymed ABBAACCBDDEE. John Keats: Influenced by Greek literature, he applied those Classical characteristics of his poetry; Keats is one of the great word painters in English Literature. â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† follows the same ode-stanza structure as the â€Å"Ode on Melancholy,† though it varies more the rhyme scheme of the last three lines of each stanza. Each of th e five stanzas in â€Å"Grecian Urn† is ten lines long, metered in a relatively precise iambic pentameter, and divided into a two part rhyme scheme, the last three lines of which are variable. The first seven lines of each stanza follow an ABABCDE rhyme scheme, but the second occurrences of the CDE sounds do not follow the same order. In stanza one, lines seven through ten are rhymed DCE; in stanza two, CED; in stanzas three and four, CDE; and in stanza five, DCE, just as in stanza one. As in other odes (especially â€Å"Autumn† and â€Å"Melancholy†), the two-part rhyme scheme (the first part made of AB rhymes, the second of CDE rhymes) creates the sense of a two-part thematic structure as well. The first four lines of each stanza roughly define the subject of the stanza, and the last six roughly explicate or develop it. (As in other odes, this is only a general rule, true of some stanzas more than others; stanzas such as the fifth do not connect rhyme scheme and thematic structure closely at all. ). 10) Their Odes John Keats: The odes explore and develop the same themes, partake of many of the same approaches and images, and, ordered in a certain way, exhibit an unmistakable psychological development. This is not to say that the poems do not stand on their own–they do, magnificently; one of the greatest felicities of the sequence is that it can be entered at any point, viewed wholly or partially from any perspective, and still proves moving and rewarding to read. There has been a great deal of critical debate over how to treat the voices that speak the poems–are they meant to be read as though a single person speaks them all, or did Keats invent a different persona for each ode? There is no right answer to the question, but it is possible that the question itself is wrong: The consciousness at work in each of the odes is unmistakably Keats's own. Of course, the poems are not explicitly autobiographical (it is unlikely that all the events really happened to Keats), but given their sincerity and their shared frame of thematic reference, there is no reason to think that they do not come from the same part of Keats's mind–that is to say, that they are not all told by the same part of Keats's reflected self. In that sense, there is no harm in treating the odes a sequence of utterances told in the same voice. The psychological progress from â€Å"Ode on Indolence† to â€Å"To Autumn† is intimately personal, and a great deal of that intimacy is lost if one begins to imagine that the odes are spoken by a sequence of fictional characters. When you think of â€Å"the speaker† of these poems, think of Keats as he would have imagined himself while writing them. As you trace the speaker's trajectory from the numb drowsiness of â€Å"Indolence† to the quiet wisdom of â€Å"Autumn,† try to hear the voice develop and change under the guidance of Keats's extraordinary language. P. B. Shelley: The wispy, fluid terza rima of â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† finds Shelley taking a long thematic leap beyond the scope of â€Å"Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,† and incorporating his own art into his meditation on beauty and the natural world. Shelley invokes the wind magically, describing its power and its role as both â€Å"destroyer and preserver,† and asks the wind to sweep him out of his torpor â€Å"as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! † In the fifth section, the poet then takes a remarkable turn, transforming the wind into a metaphor for his own art, the expressive capacity that drives â€Å"dead thoughts† like â€Å"withered leaves† over the universe, to â€Å"quicken a new birth†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthat is, to quicken the coming of the spring. Here the spring season is a metaphor for a â€Å"spring† of human consciousness, imagination, liberty, or morality–all the things Shelley hoped his art could help to bring about in the human mind. Shelley asks the wind to be his spirit, and in the same movement he makes it his metaphorical spirit, his poetic faculty, which will play him like a musical instrument, the way the wind strums the leaves of the trees. The thematic implication is significant: whereas the older generation of Romantic poets viewed nature as a source of truth and authentic experience, the younger generation largely viewed nature as a source of beauty and aesthetic experience. In this poem, Shelley explicitly links nature with art by finding powerful natural metaphors with which to express his ideas about the power, import, quality, and ultimate effect of aesthetic expression. Conclusion To an extent, the intensity of feeling emphasized by Romanticism meant that the movement was always associated with youth, and because Byron, Keats, and Shelley died young (and never had the opportunity to sink into conservatism and complacency as Wordsworth did), they have attained iconic status as the representative tragic Romantic artists. Shelley's life and his poetry certainly support such an understanding, but it is important not to indulge in stereotypes to the extent that they obscure a poet's individual character. Shelley's joy, his magnanimity, his faith in humanity, and his optimism are unique among the Romantics; his expression of those feelings makes him one of the early nineteenth century's most significant writers in English. Shelley is regarded as a major English Romantic poet. His foremost works, including Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, The Revolt of Islam, and The Triumph of Life, are recognized as leading expressions of radical thought written during the Romantic age, while his odes and shorter lyrics are often considered among the greatest in the English language. In addition, his essay A Defence of Poetry is highly valued as a statement on the moral importance of poetry and of poets, whom he calls â€Å"the unacknowledged legislators of the world. † While Shelley's significance to English literature is today widely acknowledged, he was one of the most controversial literary figures of the early nineteenth century. Keats was one of the most important figures of early nineteenth-century Romanticism, a movement that espoused the sanctity of emotion and imagination, and privileged the beauty of the natural world. Many of the ideas and themes evident in Keats's great odes are quintessentially Romantic concerns: the beauty of nature, the relation between imagination and creativity, the response of the passions to beauty and suffering, and the transience of human life in time. The sumptuous sensory language in which the odes are written, their idealistic concern for beauty and truth, and their expressive agony in the face of death are all Romantic preoccupations–though at the same time, they are all uniquely Keats's.

Easter Rising 1916

There can be no doubt that the response of the British government to the Rising contributed measurably to the moreover alienation of Irish exoteric opinion. On 26th April 1916, it had introduced martial law and undermentioned twenty-four hours appointed Major- usual Sir caper maxwell as Commander-in-Chief of troops, Ireland. He had full chest to restore order, put down the disorder, and penalise its participants. Maxwell never doubted that its leaders should be court-martialled and those most prominent executed.General Maxwell was likewise determined that, in order to puzzle militant nationalism, those who had surrendered with them, and their suspected supporters, should be deterrented and their weapons seized in a nationwide scuff by soldiers, supported by police. General Maxwell quickly signalled his intention to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners(1), including those who collect taken an active part in the front end although not in the pre direct rebellion(2), reflec ting the popular belief that Sinn Fein, a fissiparous organisation that was neither militant nor republican, was can buoy the Rising.In total, the security forces arrested 3,430 men and 79 women and of these 1,841 were sent to England and interned there. Meanwhile, those thought to have organised the lawlessness had been held back in Ireland for trial xcl men and 1 woman named Countess Markievicz. In 90 cases the courts finding of fact was Death by being sweep. All signatories of the proclamation were executed. The public presentations started on whitethorn 3rd in Kilmainham Jail with the execution of Patrick Pearse was the first to be singled out for execution, he was not allowed to see his mother or brother before his execution, doubting Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas Clarke .The second mean solar day is the executions of William Pearse brother of Patrick Pearse, Edward Daly, Michael OHanrahan, and Joseph Plunkett whom hook up with Grace Gifford in the prison chapel hours be fore his execution. On the following day John McBride was executed alone refused to be blindfolded before his execution. Then on whitethorn 8th Eamonn Ceannt,Michael Mallin,Sean HeustonandConn Colbert were executed. On the last day of execution May 12th Sean MacDiarmada and James Connolly who is tied to a chair due to his broken ankle were executed. Sir Roger Casement was tried in London for graduate(prenominal) treason and hanged at Pentonville Prison on 3 August.In addition to the 15 executed, 97 others of those tried by court-martial were sentenced to death. affright by the shift taking office staff in public opinion in Ireland and by the outrage expressed in the House of Commons by members of the Irish Parliament Party, most notably Lawrence Ginnel and John Dillion, Prime Minister Asquith travelled to capital of Ireland on 12 May the day where James Connolly and Sean MacDiarmada were executed, in spite of a telegram from Asquith to General Maxwell verbalise that there were t o be no boost executions except under special and particular(a) circumstances.Maxwell, presumably, considered that MacDiarmada and Connolly had played such leading roles that they could not be reprieved. There were no merely executions, the sentences of the other 97 being commuted to legal injury of imprisonment. The predictable effect of these measures was to increase public sympathy, both for the rebels and their goals. During May, the police authorities mention even amongst moderate nationalists a ontogeny wave of resentment, prompted by the feeling that supernumerary severity had been deployed.Symptoms of the change in attitudes include the following the increasing frequency of monument masses for the executed rebels the growing gross sales of photographs of them the setting up of aid property for their families the appearance of songs and ballads celebrating their actions the ubiquity of republican flags and badges the quid of young men marching multitude style at G aelic football game matches, and the shouting of rebel slogans anywhere spate gathered anonymously together, such as at railway stations.Moreover, there were ill signs that militant nationalists were reorganising, reflected in a draw close in arms thefts and hardening of attitudes towards the police. The dislodge of many who had been interned after the Rising farther from earning public gratitude fuelled resentment, as it was seen as providing point that the arrests had been made without just cause. already in mid-June 1916, Maxwell predicted that in a General Election the moderate nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party would in all likelihood be replaced.He was right in declination 1918, it was swept aside by Sinn Fein. somewhat survivors of the Rising went on to become leaders of the independent Irish state and those who died were venerated by many as martyrs. Their graves in the former military prison of arbor Hill in Dublin became a national monument and the text of the promulgation was taught in schools. I and my fellow signatories rely we have struck the first palmy blow for Irish freedom. The next blow, which we have no doubt Ireland bequeath strike, will win through. In this belief, we die happy.